Table of Contents
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ANAW
T. C. Young, Jr., G. A. Pugachenkova
village and archeological site at the foot of the Kopet-Dag mountains east of Ashkhabad in Soviet Turkestan.
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ANA’L-ḤAQQ
A. Schimmel
“I am the Truth,” the most famous of the Sufi šaṭḥīyāt (ecstatic utterances, or paradoxes).
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ʿANBAR
Ž. Mottaḥedīn
(ambergris), a waxy, aromatic substance produced in the intestines of stomach of the sperm whale and used in perfumery.
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ANBĀR
M. Morony
(Pers. term meaning granary), a town on the left bank of the Euphrates five km northwest of Fallūǰa and sixty-two km west of Baghdad.
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ANBAR
C. E. Bosworth
(or ANBĪR), a town of the medieval Islamic province of Gūzgān or Jūzǰān in northern Afghanistan, probably to be identified with the modern Sar-e Pol.
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ʿANBARĀN
Marcel Bazin
a township and district (baḵš) in the Namin sub-provincial district (šahrestān) of Ardabil Province.
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ANBARĀNĪ Dialect
Cross-Reference
See ṬĀLEŠĪ.
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ʿANBARĪ, ABU’L-ʿABBĀS
C. E. Bosworth
4th-5th/10th-11th century poet and prose stylist of Khorasan and statesman in the service of the Qarakhanids.
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ANBARĪĀN FAMILY
C. E. Bosworth
a distinguished family of officials, littérateurs, ʿolamāʾ, and traditionists from Bayhaq (modern Sabzavār).
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ANBARIN QALAM, ‘ABD-AL-RAḤĪM
Cross-Reference
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ANCIENT LETTERS
N. Sims-Williams
The group consists of five almost complete letters and a number of fragments of similar letters. Each letter was folded several times and bore the names of the sender and addressee on the outside. Most were tied with string; one letter was wrapped in silk and enclosed in an envelope of coarse cloth addressed to Samarkand.
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ʿANDALIB, NĀṢER MOḤAMMAD
A. Schimmel
Sufi writer (b. in Delhi 1105/1693-94, d. 1172/1759).
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ANDĀMEŠ
Cross-Reference
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ANDARĀB
C. E. Bosworth
or ANDARĀBA, the name of a river and a town situated upon it in northern Afghanistan.
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ANDARĪMĀN
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
the name of a number of Turanian heroes in the Šāh-nāma.
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ANDARUN
M. A. Djamalzadeh
or ANDARŪNĪ (inside), the private quarters of well-to-do houses in contrast to bīrūnī. the public rooms usually reserved for men.
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ANDARWAYWAZĪG
C. J. Brunner
Middle Persian term for “acrobat, tumbler” (lit. “one who plays in the air”).
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ANDARZ
S. Shaked, Z. Safa
“precept, instruction, advice”: the literary genre in pre-Islamic and New Persian literatures.
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ANDARZBAD
M. L. Chaumont
Sasanian administrative title meaning “chief advisor” for a city.
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ANDARZGAR
J. P. Asmussen
Mid. Pers. term, “counselor, teacher.”
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ANDEJĀN
C. E. Bosworth
town in in the medieval Islamic province of Farḡāna, modern Russian Andizhan, in the easternmost part of the in the easternmost part of Uzbekistan.
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ANDIJAN UPRISING
Anke von Kuegelgen
On the night of 9 Muḥarram 1316/30 May 1898, a group of about 2,000 poorly armed men attacked the 4th and 5th Russian Companies on the outskirts of Andijan under the leadership of the Naqšbandi Sufi Shaykh Dukči Išān (Muḥammad ʿAli Madali, ca. 1856-1898).
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ANDĪMEŠK
X. De Planhol
(also ANDĀMEŠ, ANDĀLMEŠK), the name of medieval Dezfūl.
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ANDḴŪY
D. N. Wilber
a commercial town in northwestern Afghanistan.
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ANDRAGORAS
R. N. Frye
Seleucid satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania, known primarily from his coins.
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ANDREAS, FRIEDRICH CARL
W. Lentz, D. N. MacKenzie, B. Schlerath
German Iranologist (1846-1930).
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ANĒRĀN
Ph. Gignoux
“non-Iran,” Middle Persian ethno-linguistic term generally used pejoratively to denote a political and religious enemy of Iran and Zoroastrianism.
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ANGAJĪ, ḤĀJJ MĪRZĀ ABŪ’L-ḤASAN
H. Algar
(1282-1357/1865-1939), a leading moǰtahed of Tabrīz, politically active during both the Constitutional Revolution and the reign of Reżā Shah.
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ANGALYŪN
J. P. Asmussen
Persian rendering of the title of the Gospel of Mani.
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ANGIOLELLO, GIOVANNI MARIA
A. M. Piemontese
(or DEGLI ANGIOLELLO) (1451-ca. 1525), Venetian adventurer, merchant, and author of an important historical report on the Aq Qoyunlū and early Safavid Persia.
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ANGLO-AFGHAN RELATIONS
J. A. Norris
a survey from the earliest times to the death of the last Bārakzay ruler in 1357 Š./1978.
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ANGLO-AFGHAN TREATY OF 1905
J. A. Norris
an agreement pertaining to British control of Afghan foreign policy and related matters.
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ANGLO-AFGHAN TREATY OF 1921
L. W. Adamec
the outcome of peace negotiations following the Third Anglo-Afghan War.
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ANGLO-AFGHAN WARS
J. A. Norris, L. W. Adamec
First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-42), Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-80), Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919).
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ANGLO-IRANIAN AGREEMENT
Cross-Reference
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ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS
Multiple Authors
This series of articles covers relations between England and Iran from the Safavid to the Pahlavi periods.
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ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS i. Safavid to Zand Periods
R. W. Ferrier
English interest in Persia during this period is almost exclusively concerned with trade and has almost nothing to do with political relations. Relations arose as the result of a failure to trade eastwards through Russia and Central Asia in the mid-16th century by merchants of the Russia Company, which, though formed in London on 26 February 1555, had already dispatched their first voyage of three ships by the northeastern route round Russia on 18 May 1553.
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ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS ii. Qajar period
F. Kazemzadeh
Before the 19th century Anglo-Iranian relations were sporadic. Periods of engagement alternated with decades of disengagement. After the death of Karīm Khan Zand (1193/1779) contacts between Britain and Iran diminished and were maintained with regularity only in the Persian Gulf as the center of government authority moved north.
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ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS iii. Pahlavi period
R. W. Ferrier
For most of the 20th century relations have been dominated politically by the modernization and revival of Iran under the stimulus of Reżā Shah and his son and successor Moḥammad Reżā Shah, strategically by Iran’s proximity to the Soviet Union, and economically by Iranian oil.
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ANGLO-IRANIAN WAR
Cross-Reference
See ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR.
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ANGLO-PERSIAN AGREEMENT OF 1919
N. S. Fatemi
provisional agreement made between the British and the Persian governments which, if ratified, would have granted the British a paramount position of control over the financial and military affairs of Iran.
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ANGLO-PERSIAN OIL COMPANY
F. Kazemi
(ŠERKAT-E NAFT-E ENGELĪS O IRAN), a British company formed to extract and market oil in the oil fields of southwestern Iran.
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ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR (1856-57)
J. Calmard
Following their defeat in the Russo-Persian wars of 1219-28/1804-13 and 1242-44/1826-28, the Qajars, tried to compensate for their losses by reasserting Persia’s control over western Afghanistan.
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ANGLO-RUSSIAN AGREEMENT OF 1873
J. A. Norris
an attempt by the Foreign Offices of London and St. Petersburg to define the northern boundary of Afghanistan.
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ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907
F. Kazemzadeh
an agreement relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet.
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ANGRA MAINYU
Cross-Reference
See AHRIMAN.
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AṄGULIMĀLĪYA-SŪTRA
R. E. Emmerick
a Buddhist text concerning the conversion to Buddhism of a robber called Aṅgulimāla.
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ANGŪR
M. Bazin, X. de Planhol, W. L. Hanaway, Jr
In the big river basins, real viticulture in organized plantations gradually took shape. Western cultural influences brought by the Greeks may well have stimulated this development. The vineyards are always irrigated, even though rain-fed vine growth is possible in most of the districts. The waterings, however, are few.
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ANHALT CARPET
M. H. Beattie
The overall composition, the central medallion, and the cloud bands are characteristic of Tabrīz, which was a major artistic center under the Safavids. The carpet’s almost perfect state of preservation, which at one time cast doubt on its being from the 16th century, has been attributed to its remaining in its original Turkish packing.
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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Cross-Reference
See DĀM-DĀRĪ.