B ENTRIES: CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
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Figure 4. Plan of the Arg of Tehran (late nineteenth century). After Feuvrier, Trois ans à la cour de Perse, Paris, 1906. |
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Figure 5. Pre-Islamic Bactria. |
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Figure 6. Sites at which Bactrian inscriptions have been found. |
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Figure 7. A wind tower in Yazd with projecting timber poles to which scaffolding is attached for maintenance. |
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BĀDGĪR |
Figure 8. Sectional plans of five typical Yazdi wind tower types at vent level. A. Unidirectional. B. Two-directional. C. Four-directional. D. Octagonal with two vents on each side. E. Four-directional with two “false” vents on two opposite sides. |
BĀDGĪR |
Figure 9. Cross section through a wind catcher serving the main summer rooms of a house in Yazd. A. Ṭālār. B. Basement. C. Courtyard with pool. |
Figure 1. Book cover, Bādhā ḵabar az taḡyir-e faṣl midādand. |
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Figure 10. The two types of garden location in Iran. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Moḥammad-Moṣṭafā Baḡdādi. |
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BAGDADI FAMILY |
Figure 2. Photograph of Dr. Żiāʾ Mabsuṭ Baḡdādi. |
BAGDADI FAMILY |
Figure 3. Photograph of Bahai students at the American University of Beirut, March 1930. Second row, extreme left: ʿAbbās Adib Ekbal. |
Figure 1. Photograph of Mohammad Bahmanbeygi. |
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BAHMANBEYGI, MOHAMMAD |
Figure 2. Photograph of Mohammad Bahmanbeygi and family. |
BAHMANBEYGI, MOHAMMAD |
Figure 3. Photograph of Mohammad Bahmanbeygi. |
BAHMANBEYGI, MOHAMMAD |
Figure 4. Book jacket, Boḵārā-ye man, il-e man. |
BAHMANBEYGI, MOHAMMAD |
Figure 5. Book jacket, Be ojāqat qasam. |
BAHMANBEYGI, MOHAMMAD |
Figure 6. Book jacket, Modir koll-e afsāneh-i. |
Figure 1. The order of succession of the early Sasanian kings. |
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BAHRĀM |
Figure 2. Descent of the Samanids from Bahrām Čōbīn. (For the Samanids, see Bīrūnī, Chronology; for Šāpūr, see Syrische Kronik, p. 9; see also Justi, Namenbuch, s.vv.). |
Figure 1. Photograph of Harold Walter Bailey. |
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Figure 13. Location of the Baḵtīārī mountains (after Oberlander, 1965). |
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Figure 14. Baḵtīārī territory. |
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Figure 15. Monuments of Balḵ. |
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Figure 16. Baluchistan: Natural features. |
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BALUCHISTAN i. |
Figure 17. Baluchistan: Settlement. |
Figure 1. Active Fault Map of Iran and vicinity (Berberian, 2005). Reverse faults are shown with teeth on hanging-wall side. Strike-slip faults are shown with arrows. Faults without teeth or arrows: sense of latest slip unknown. The city of Bam is located to the southeast of Iran (lat 29.10˚N, long 58.35˚E). |
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BAM EARTHQUAKE |
Figure 2. Medieval circumvallated inner city [Sharestan/Shahrestan/Dezh/Qal’eh] of Bam, with the Old City Friday mosque of AD 1751 built on the site of the destroyed medieval Friday mosque [#11 in (A)] and the citadel [Arg/Kohandezh; Berberian, 2005). Numbers and letters in (A) are as follows: 1-City Gate, 2- Bazaar, 3- Maydan-e- Takiyeh [square, circle], 4- Caravanserai[traditional inn], 5- Citadel Terrace, 6- Citadel Gate, 7- Square with Stables, 8- Artillery Park, 9- Chahar Fasl [four seasons], 10- Governor’s Mansion [Shahneshin], 11- the 1751 restored Friday mosque, 12- Zurkhaneh [traditional gymnasium],13- Mansion, 14- Square of northwestern quarter.AC- North-South urban axes (street), DE- East-West urban axes (street), and F, G, H- City Gates. |
BAM EARTHQUAKE |
Figure 3. Location of the city of Bam, the town of Baravat and the Arg [Citadel] of Bam with respect to the active fault features of the area (Berberian, 2005). Faults taken from Berberian (1976), Talebian et al., (2004), Fielding et al., (2005). All the faults shown on this Figure were reactivated, however, maximum displacement were recorded on thefault just south of the city of Bam. Filled triangles are ruined archaeological sites (Fehervari and Caldwell, 1967). |
Figure 1. Undated photograph of Fattāna Hājseydjavādi. |
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Plate IV. The 55-meter Buddha statue at Bāmīān (photo Z. Tarzi). |
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BĀMĪĀN ii. |
Figure 1. The western Buddha figure (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner). |
BĀMĪĀN ii. |
Figure 2. The western Buddha niche (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner). |
BĀMĪĀN ii. |
Figure 3. The eastern Buddha niche (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner). |
BĀMĪĀN ii. |
Figure 4. Buddha figure painted at the top of the eastern Buddha niche (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner). |
BĀMĪĀN ii. |
Figure 5. One of the seated Buddha niches and caves (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner). |
BĀMĪĀN ii. |
Figure 6. Buddha figure at Kakrak (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner). |
BĀMĪĀN ii. |
Figure 7. View toward Šahr-e ḡolḡola from the cliff (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner). |
BĀMĪĀN ii. |
Figure 8. Šahr-e ḡolḡola (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner). |
Plate V. Ban-e Sorma, Area A. |
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Figure 19. Mean annual precipitation in Iran and Afghanistan and the seasonal patterns at selected localities. |
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BĀRĀN |
Figure 20. Main contrasts in the monthly distribution of precipitation in the Irano-Afghan area. |
BĀRĀN |
Figure 21. Rainfall variability at five Afghan stations (1942-83). |
BĀRĀN |
Figure 22. Fluctuations of the 200-mm isohyet in the Irano-Afghan area. |
Figure 23. Snow in Iran and Afghanistan: Mean number of days in the year with snowfall. |
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Figure 24. Barley production in Iran by ostān 1973. |
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BARLEY i. In Iran |
Figure 25. Barley production in Iran by ostān 1982. |
BARLEY ii. In Afghanistan |
Figure 26. Geographical distribution of barley cultivation in Afghanistan (1345 Š./1966) Source: Davydov, 1976, pp. 124-25. |
Plate VI. Barm-e Delak I. |
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BARM-e DELAK |
Plate VII. Barm-e Delak II. |
Figure 27. Electricity-generating stations and transmission lines in Iran. |
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BARQ ii. In Afghanistan |
Figure 28. Electricity-generating stations and transmission lines in Afghanistan. |
Figure 1. Overall view of the Barsiān mosque (2006; photograph Habib Borjian). |
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BARSIAN |
Figure 2. Interior view of the dome, Barsiān mosque (2006; photograph Habib Borjian). |
BARSIAN |
Figure 3. Interior view of the Barsiān mosque, showing the mehrāb (2006; photograph Habib Borjian). |
Figure 29. Relief at Bāṭās, Iraq (drawing by H. von Gall). |
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Figure 30. Typical bathhouse structures (W. Kleiss). |
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Egyptian Fruit Bat (Rousettas egyptiacus). By permission of E. Firouz (The Complete Fauna of Iran, London and New York, 2005, p. 52). |
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Plate I. Facsimile of the illuminated frontispiece of the Bāysonḡorī Šāh-nāma (from An Album of Miniatures ... , Tehran, 1350 Š./1971). |
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Figure 1. Herat bāzār |
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BAZAR i. General |
Figure 2. Tāšqorḡān bāzār |
BAZAR i. General |
Figure 3. Kāšān bāzār |
BAZAR i. General |
Figure 4. Shiraz bāzār |
BAZAR i. General |
Figure 5. Tabrīz bāzār |
BAZAR i. General |
Figure 6. Yazd bāzār |
Figure 10. Weekly bāzārs in Azerbaijan. |
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BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars |
Figure 11. Periodic markets in Afghanistan |
BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars |
Figure 12. Mountain bāzārs in Ṭāleš |
BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars |
Figure 7. Temporary bāzārs in Iran and Afghanistan: Overview. |
BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars |
Figure 8. Weekly bāzārs in central Gīlān. |
BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars |
Figure 9. Weekly bāzārs in central eastern Māzandarān. |
Figure 1. Young Asiatic black bear, Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus. (Photograph © Fariborz Heidari). |
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Figure 1. Book cover: Az har dari. |
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BEHAZIN |
Figure 2. Book cover: Māngedim o Ḵoršidčehr. |
Plate II. Funerary relief of soldiers. Palmyra, 2nd century, Louvre (after Ghirshman, 1962, p. 79 fig. 91). |
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BELTS ii. |
Plate III. Statue of Uthal, king of Hatra, 2nd century, Mosul Museum (after Ghirshman, 1962, p. 89 fig. 100). |
BELTS ii. |
Plate IV. Naqš-e Rostam, the investiture of Narseh, detail (Photo E. H. Peck). |
BELTS ii. |
Plate V. Ṭāq-e Bostān, the boar hunt, detail (Photo E. H. Peck). |
BELTS ii. |
Plate VI. Ṭāq-e Bostān, the stag hunt, detail (Photo E. H. Peck). |
BELTS ii. |
Plate VII. Ṭāq-e Bostān, the mounted knight, detail (Photo E. H. Peck). |
Figure 1. Undated photograph of Theodor Benfey. (Courtesy of the Seminar für Indologie und Tibetologie, Universität Göttingen). |
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BENFEY, THEODOR |
Figure 2. Undated photograph of Theodor Benfey. (Courtesy of the Seminar für Indologie und Tibetologie, Universität Göttingen). |
Figure 13. Rice cultivation in the Caspian lowlands. |
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BERENJ “rice” i. In Iran |
Figure 14. Paddy production by ostān, 1982. 1-Gīlān. 2-Māzandarān. 3-Zanjān. 4-Āḏarbāyjān-e Šarqī. 5-Āḏarbāyjān-e Ḡarbī. 6-Lorestān. 7-Īlām. 8-Ḵūzestān. 9-Čahār Maḥāl wa Baḵtīārī. 10-Eṣfahān. 11-Kohgīlūya wa Boir Aḥmadī. 12-Fārs. 13-Ḵorāsān. 14-Sīstān wa Balūčestān. |
BERENJ “rice” ii. In Afghanistan |
Figure 15. Geographical distribution of rice fields in Afghanistan |
Plate VIII. Ewer, beaten brass (ca. 80 percent copper, 20 percent zinc) inlaid with silver and copper, ht. 40 cm, Herat, ca. 600/1200 (British Museum, 1848.8-5.2) |
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BERENJ “brass” ii. In the Islamic Period |
Plate IX. Bucket, cast quaternary alloy of copper, lead, zinc, and tin, inlaid with copper, diam. 19 cm, Khorasan, 6th/12th or early 7th/13th century (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1969.8) |
Figure 16. Ruins of an Urartian hill fortress, Besṭām, Azerbaijan. |
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BESṬĀM (3) |
Figure 17. The Masjed-e Jāmeʿ: the most interesting parts of the structure as it stands today date from the Il-khanid period. |
BESṬĀM (3) |
Figure 18. Complex of monuments built around Bāyazīd’s tomb. |
Figure 1. F. C. Andreas and Kaj Barr, “Bruchstücke einer Pehlevi-Übersetzung der Psalmen, mit 11 Tafeln,” Sb. d. Preussischen Akad. d. Wissenschaften 1933, pp. 91-152. |
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Figure 1. E. Blochet, Catalogue des manuscrits persans de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, Paris, 1905, I, p. 1. |
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Figure 1. Musical scale of the mode of Homāyūn. |
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BĪDĀD |
Figure 2. Musical scale of the mode of Bidād. |
Figure 20. The landscape around Bīsotūn: “Paradise of the Ḵosrows”. |
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Figure 21. The positions of the Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian versions of the major trilingual inscription DB on the rock at Bīsotūn. |
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BISOTUN iii. |
Figure 22. The positions of the minor Old Persian (“Per.”), Elamite (“Sus.”), and Babylonian (“Bab.”) inscriptions DBa-1 (“A-L”) on the Bīsotūn relief. |
BISOTUN iii. |
Figure 19. Site plan of Bīsotūn. |
BISOTUN iii. |
Plate X. The Darius relief at Bīsotūn |
BISOTUN iii. |
Plate XI. The head of Darius. |
BISOTUN iii. |
Plate XII. The Ionic column base. |
BISOTUN iii. |
Plate XIII. The Seleucid relief of Heracles. |
BISOTUN iii. |
Plate XIV. Sasanian capital with relief of Ḵosrow II. |
BISOTUN iii. |
Plate XV. Sasanian capital with relief of Anāhīd. |
BISOTUN iii. |
Plate XVI. Tarāš-e Farhād. |
BISOTUN iii. |
Plate XVII. Miniature of Farhād and Šīrīn. |
BISOTUN iii. |
Plate XVIII. The old caravansary. |
BISOTUN iii. |
Plate XIX. Inscribed block from Sonqorābād. |
Figure 1. Karl Schlamminger’s logo of the Iranian National Blood Transfusion Service (INBTS). (Courtesy of F. A. Ala). |
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BLOOD TRANSFUSION |
Figure 2. Logo of the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO), with inscription Sāzemān-e Enteqāl-e Ḵun-e Irān; available at the IBTO website, http://www.ibto.ir/. |
BLOOD TRANSFUSION |
Figure 3. Inauguration of the INBTS by Mohammad-Reza Shah and Empress Farah Pahlavi, Tehran 1974. (Courtesy of F. A. Ala) |
BLOOD TRANSFUSION |
Figure 4. Donor attendants at the INBTS in Tehran. (Courtesy of F. A. Ala) |
BLOOD TRANSFUSION |
Figure 5. Empress Farah Pahlavi donating blood at the opening of the Shiraz Regional Center of the INBTS, 1976. (Courtesy of F. A. Ala) |
Figure 1. Wild boar, Sus scrofa. (Photograph © Fariborx Heidari) |
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Figure 1. Game of 20 Squares. Šahr-e Suḵta, found in the grave IUP 731. Tehran, the National Museum of Iran. (Courtesy of the National Museum of Iran) |
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BOARD GAMES |
Figure 2. Diagram for the game of 20 squares, type A (drawing by U. Schädler). |
BOARD GAMES |
Figure 3. Diagram for the game of 20 squares, type B (drawing by U. Schädler). |
BOARD GAMES |
Figure 4. Gaming board with 3 x 12 perforated squares, Susa. Paris, the Louvre Museum, No. Sb 10181 (after Mecquenem, 1943, fig. 39, no. 2). |
BOARD GAMES |
Figure 5. Die, Susa (after Mecquenem, 1943, p. 46, fig. 40, no. 14). |
BOARD GAMES |
Figure 6. Gaming board with 3 x 10 squares, Susa. Paris, the Louvre Museum, No. 1833. Courtesy of the Louvre Museum. |
BOARD GAMES |
Figure 7. Game of 58 holes, diagram (after Murray, 1952, p. 15, fig. 3). |
BOARD GAMES |
Figure 8. Game of 58 Holes, Tepe Siālk. Paris, the Louvre Museum, No. AO 19438. Courtesy of the Louvre Museum. |
BOARD GAMES |
Figure 9. Five fragments of the game of 58 holes from the “Dépôt du Temple d’Inshushinak,” Susa (after Ellis and Buchanan, 1966, fig. 2). |
BOARD GAMES |
Figure 10. Fragmentary game of 58 holes, Luristan. Paris, the Louvre Museum, AO 25342 (after Amiet, 1976, p. 98, no. 240). |
BOARD GAMES |
Figure 11. Peg with a monkey from the “Dépôt du Temple d’Inshushinak.” Paris, the Louvre Museum, No. Sb 10194 (drawing by C. Florimont, the Louvre Museum). |
BOARD GAMES |
Figure 12. Merels (Three Men’s Morris), Susa. Paris, the Louvre Museum, No. Sb 20908. (Courtesy of the Louvre Museum) |
Figure 1. White-eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis). (By permission of E. Firouz, The Complete Fauna of Iran, London and New York, 2005, p. 165) |
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Figure 23. The boundaries of Afghanistan. |
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Figure 24. The Iran-Iraq boundary along the Šaṭṭ al-ʿArab. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Mary Boyce. |
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Plate XX. Gūr-e Doḵtar |
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Figure 25. The bridge in the palace garden at Pasargadae. |
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BRIDGES |
Figure 26. A girder bridge (above) and arch forms on bridges of different dates in the Islamic period. |
BRIDGES |
Plate XXI. Bridge on the Euphrates at Babylon (from Wetzel, pl. 78.2). |
BRIDGES |
Plate XXII. Mihr-Narseh’s bridge at Tang-e Āb, Fīrūzābād, and the rock relief of Ardašīr’s investiture. (Photograph D. Huff) |
BRIDGES |
Plate XXIII. Pier from the Sasanian bridge near the northwestern city gate of Ardašīr-Ḵorra. (Photograph D. Huff) |
BRIDGES |
Plate XXIV. Pol-e ʿAruż near Qir, with added Islamic rubble masonry. (Photograph D. Huff) |
Figure 1. Lexicon Syriacum auctore Carolo Brockelmann; praefatus est Th. Nöldeke, Berlin, 1895. |
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Figure 27. Modern copper ore bodies of Anatolia and the Iranian Plateau |
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BRONZE i. In pre-Islamic Iran |
Figure 28. Map of tin and gold deposits and occurrences in Afghanistan. |
Plate XXV. Bowl, high-tin bronze, Khorasan, 8th-10th century. |
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BRONZE ii. In Islamic Iran |
Plate XXVI. Bowl with lid, the so-called “Vaso Vescovali,” high-tin bronze, Khorasan, ca. 600/1200 |
BRONZE AGE |
Figure 29. Bronze Age sites in Iran and Afghanistan. |
Plate XXVII. Luristan bronze cheekpiece. |
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BRONZES OF LURISTAN |
Plate XXVIII. Luristan bronze animal finial. |
Plate XXIX. “Żaḥḥāk enthroned with Jamšīd's sisters.” Folio detached from a manuscript of the Šāh-nāma dateable ca. 1018-30/1610-20, attributable to Moḥammad-Šarīf. Los Angeles County Museum. |
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Figure 1. Ruins of the Christian monastery at Bulayiq. (Photograph © Ursula Sims-Williams). |
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Figure 1. Plan of the Burbur old castle (courtesy of the author). 1. Qawām Homāyun mansion: a. hašti (octagonal main entrance), b. private courtyard with central pool, c. biruni, d. andaruni, e. domestic quarters, f. stables for 24 horses, g. bathhouse, h. services courtyard. Eżām-al-Molk mansion: a. entrance, b. private courtyard with central pool, c. biruni, andaruni, e. domestic quarters, f. stables for 36 horses, h. courtyard. 3. Moṣṭafā Khan Mansion: a. entrance, b. private courtyard with central pool, c. biruni, d. andaruni, e. domestic quarters, f. stables for 18 horses, h. services courtyard. 4. Common areas: k. square, j. boulevard. |
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BURBUR CASTLE |
Figure 2. The fortifications and a corner bastion of the Burbur old castle with Rumiya mountain in the background (courtesy of Bahman Rahimi, 1995). |
BURBUR CASTLE |
Figure 3. The eyvān of the Moṣṭafā Khan mansion prior to destruction (courtesy of Bahman Rahimi, 1995). |
BURBUR CASTLE |
Figure 4. Stables of the Qawām Homāyun mansion prior to the collapse of the multi-arched roof (courtesy of Bahman Rahimi, 1995). |
BURBUR CASTLE |
Figure 5. Andaruni of Eżām-al-Molk mansion (courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2004). |
BURBUR CASTLE |
Figure 6. Hašti to the Qawām Homāyun mansion (courtesy of Bahman Rahimi, 1995). |
BURBUR CASTLE |
Figure 7. The ruins of the Qawām Homāyun mansion’s bathhouse (courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2004). |
BURBUR CASTLE |
Figure 8. The fortifications of the Burbur new castle (courtesy of Bahman Rahimi, 1995). |
Figure 1. Burbur tribe’s general routes of migration and their integration within different tribal confederacies. (Courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2013) |
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BURBUR TRIBE |
Figure 2. Morning ritual of Āšurā by Kurdish-speaking Burburs in Panjāb (Gandāb). (Courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2013) |
BURBUR TRIBE |
Figure 3. Two independent migrating Burbur tribes in the piedmont of the Alborz mountain chain. (Courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2013) |
BURBUR TRIBE |
Figure 4. The Independent Burbur tribe’s flocks from Pošt-kuh to Garmsār in the piedmont of the Alborz chain are kept and moved by hired Afghan shepherds. (Courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2013) |
BURBUR TRIBE |
Figure 5. The Burbur sub-tribe migrations within the Baḵtiāri confederacy. (Courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2013) |
BURBUR TRIBE |
Figure 6. An external view of a summer quarter tent of the Burbur sub-tribe within the Qašqāʾi confederacy at Bid-e Qaṭār. (Courtesy of Bahman Rahimi, 2012) |
BURBUR TRIBE |
Figure 7. An interior view of a summer quarter tent of the Burbur sub-tribe within the Qašqāʾi confederacy at Bid-e Qaṭār. (Courtesy of Bahman Rahimi, 2012) |
BURBUR TRIBE |
Figure 8. The migration route of the Burbur sub-tribe within the Qašqāʾi confederacy. (Courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2013) |
BURBUR TRIBE |
Figure 9. The migration route of the Burbur sub-tribe within the Qašqāʾi confederacy. (Courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2013) |
BURBUR TRIBE |
Figure 10. The migration route of the Burbur sub-tribe within the Qašqāʾi confederacy. (Courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2013) |
BURBUR TRIBE |
Figure 11. The migration route of the Burbur sub-tribe within the Qašqāʾi confederacy. (Courtesy of Dariush Borbor, 2013) |
Figure 1. Photograph of ʿEẓām-al-Molk ʿAli Burbur. (Courtesy of the author) |
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Plate XXX. Marlik, tomb no. 52, trench XXIII G. Body of warrior in ceremonial costume with gold buttons, buried over his weapons. |
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BURIAL i. Pre-Historic Burial Sites |
Plate XXXI. Haft Tepe, subsidiary massive tomb with 23 skeletons, 14 packed on the floor and 9 thrown over these |
Figure 1. Bronze folius coin of Constantine I, as junior emperor prior to 312 CE, and with acknowledgement of the collective authority of the ruling tetrarchy. Obv.: head of the king; inscription CONSTANTINUS NOB[ilis] CAES[ar]; rev.: the patron goddess Roma in her temple; inscription CONSERVATORES URB[is] SUAE “preservors of their city.” (Courtesy of C. J. Brunner). |
(Cross-Reference)
Originally Published: August 28, 2015
Last Updated: August 28, 2015