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BĀB-E HOMĀYŪN

Figure 4. Plan of the Arg of Tehran (late nineteenth century). After Feuvrier, Trois ans à la cour de Perse, Paris, 1906.

BACTRIA i. Pre-Islamic Period

Figure 5. Pre-Islamic Bactria.

BACTRIA i. 

Figure 6. Sites at which Bactrian inscriptions have been found.

BACTRIAN LANGUAGE

Figure 6. Sites at which Bactrian inscriptions have been found.

BĀDGĪR

Figure 7. A wind tower in Yazd with projecting timber poles to which scaffolding is attached for maintenance.

BĀDGĪR

Figure 8. Sectional plans of five typical Yazdi wind tower types at vent level. A. Unidirectional. B. Two-directional. C. Four-directional. D. Octagonal with two vents on each side. E. Four-directional with two “false” vents on two opposite sides.

BĀDGĪR

Figure 9. Cross section through a wind catcher serving the main summer rooms of a house in Yazd. A. Ṭālār. B. Basement. C. Courtyard with pool.

BĀDHĀ ḴABAR AZ TAḠYIR-e FAṢL MIDĀDAND

Figure 1. Book cover, Bādhā ḵabar az taḡyir-e faṣl midādand.

BĀḠ ii. General

Figure 10. The two types of garden location in Iran.

BAHRĀM (2)

Figure 11. The order of succession of the early Sasanian kings.

BAHRĀM (2)

Figure 12. Descent of the Samanids from Bahrām Čōbīn. (For the Samanids, see Bīrūnī, Chronology; for Šāpūr, see Syrische Kronik, p. 9; see also Justi, Namenbuch, s.vv.).

BAILEY, HAROLD WALTER

Figure 1. Photograph of Harold Walter Bailey.

BAḴTĪĀRĪ MOUNTAINS

Figure 13. Location of the Baḵtīārī mountains (after Oberlander, 1965).

BAḴTĪĀRĪ TRIBE i. Ethnography

Figure 14. Baḵtīārī territory.

BALḴ vi. Monuments

Figure 15. Monuments of Balḵ.

BALUCHISTAN i. Geography, History and Ethnography

Figure 16. Baluchistan: Natural features.

BALUCHISTAN i. 

Figure 17. Baluchistan: Settlement.

BAM EARTHQUAKE

Figure 1. Active Fault Map of Iran and vicinity (Berberian, 2005). Reverse faults are shown with teeth on hanging-wall side. Strike-slip faults are shown with arrows. Faults without teeth or arrows: sense of latest slip unknown. The city of Bam is located to the southeast of Iran (29.10˚N-58.35˚E).

BAM EARTHQUAKE

Figure 2. Medieval circumvallated inner city [Sharestan/Shahrestan/Dezh/Qal’eh] of Bam, with the Old City Friday mosque of AD 1751 built on the site of the destroyed medieval Friday mosque [#11 in (A)] and the citadel [Arg/Kohandezh; Berberian, 2005). Numbers and letters in (A) are as follows: 1-City Gate, 2- Bazaar, 3- Maydan-e- Takiyeh [square, circle], 4- Caravanserai[traditional inn], 5- Citadel Terrace, 6- Citadel Gate, 7- Square with Stables, 8- Artillery Park, 9- Chahar Fasl [four seasons], 10- Governor’s Mansion [Shahneshin], 11- the 1751 restored Friday mosque, 12- Zurkhaneh [traditional gymnasium],13- Mansion, 14- Square of northwestern quarter.AC- North-South urban axes (street), DE- East-West urban axes (street), and F, G, H- City Gates.

BAM EARTHQUAKE

Figure 3. Location of the city of Bam, the town of Baravat and the Arg [Citadel] of Bam with respect to the active fault features of the area (Berberian, 2005). Faults taken from Berberian (1976), Talebian et al., (2004), Fielding et al., (2005). All the faults shown on this Figure were reactivated, however, maximum displacement were recorded on thefault just south of the city of Bam. Filled triangles are ruined archaeological sites (Fehervari and Caldwell, 1967).

BĀMDĀD-E ḴOMĀR

Figure 1. Undated photograph of Fattāna Hājseydjavādi.

BĀMĪĀN ii. History and Monuments

Plate IV. The 55-meter Buddha statue at Bāmīān (photo Z. Tarzi).

BĀMĪĀN ii. 

Figure 1. The western Buddha figure (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner).

BĀMĪĀN ii. 

Figure 2. The western Buddha niche (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner).

BĀMĪĀN ii. 

Figure 3. The eastern Buddha niche (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner).

BĀMĪĀN ii. 

Figure 4. Buddha figure painted at the top of the eastern Buddha niche (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner).

BĀMĪĀN ii. 

Figure 5. One of the seated Buddha niches and caves (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner).

BĀMĪĀN ii. 

Figure 6. Buddha figure at Kakrak (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner).

BĀMĪĀN ii. 

Figure 7. View toward Šahr-e ḡolḡola from the cliff (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner).

BĀMĪĀN ii. 

Figure 8. Šahr-e ḡolḡola (1974; photograph C. J. Brunner).

BAN-e SORMA

Plate V. Ban-e Sorma, Area A.

BĀRĀN

Figure 19. Mean annual precipitation in Iran and Afghanistan and the seasonal patterns at selected localities.

BĀRĀN

Figure 20. Main contrasts in the monthly distribution of precipitation in the Irano-Afghan area. 

BĀRĀN

Figure 21. Rainfall variability at five Afghan stations (1942-83).

BĀRĀN

Figure 22. Fluctuations of the 200-mm isohyet in the Irano-Afghan area.

BARF

Figure 23. Snow in Iran and Afghanistan: Mean number of days in the year with snowfall.

BARLEY i. In Iran

Figure 24. Barley production in Iran by ostān 1973.

BARLEY i. In Iran

Figure 25. Barley production in Iran by ostān 1982.

BARLEY ii. In Afghanistan

Figure 26. Geographical distribution of barley cultivation in Afghanistan (1345 Š./1966) Source: Davydov, 1976, pp. 124-25.

BARM-e DELAK

Plate VI. Barm-e Delak I.

BARM-e DELAK

Plate VII. Barm-e Delak II.

BARQ i. In Iran

Figure 27. Electricity-generating stations and transmission lines in Iran.

BARQ ii. In Afghanistan

Figure 28. Electricity-generating stations and transmission lines in Afghanistan.

BĀṬĀS

Figure 29. Relief at Bāṭās, Iraq (drawing by H. von Gall).

BATHHOUSES

Figure 30. Typical bathhouse structures (W. Kleiss).

BATS

Egyptian Fruit Bat (Rousettas egyptiacus). By permission of E. Firouz (The Complete Fauna of Iran, London and New York, 2005, p. 52).

BĀYSONḠORĪ ŠĀH-NĀMA i. The Manuscript

Plate I. Facsimile of the illuminated frontispiece of the Bāysonḡorī Šāh-nāma (from An Album of Miniatures ... , Tehran, 1350 Š./1971).

BAZAR i. General

Figure 1. Herat bāzār

BAZAR i. General

Figure 2. Tāšqorḡān bāzār

BAZAR i. General

Figure 3. Kāšān bāzār

BAZAR i. General

Figure 4. Shiraz bāzār

BAZAR i. General

Figure 5. Tabrīz bāzār

BAZAR i. General

Figure 6. Yazd bāzār

BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars in Iran and Afghanistan

Figure 10. Weekly bāzārs in Azerbaijan.

BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars

Figure 11. Periodic markets in Afghanistan

BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars 

Figure 12. Mountain bāzārs in Ṭāleš

BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars 

Figure 7. Temporary bāzārs in Iran and Afghanistan: Overview.

BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars 

Figure 8. Weekly bāzārs in central Gīlān.

BAZAR v. Temporary Bazars 

Figure 9. Weekly bāzārs in central eastern Māzandarān.

BEHAZIN

Figure 1. Book cover: Az har dari.

BEHAZIN

Figure 2. Book cover: Māngedim o Ḵoršidčehr.

BELTS ii. In the Parthian and Sasanian Periods

Plate II. Funerary relief of soldiers. Palmyra, 2nd century, Louvre (after Ghirshman, 1962, p. 79 fig. 91).

BELTS ii. 

Plate III. Statue of Uthal, king of Hatra, 2nd century, Mosul Museum (after Ghirshman, 1962, p. 89 fig. 100).

BELTS ii. 

Plate IV. Naqš-e Rostam, the investiture of Narseh, detail (Photo E. H. Peck).

BELTS ii. 

Plate V. Ṭāq-e Bostān, the boar hunt, detail (Photo E. H. Peck).

BELTS ii. 

Plate VI. Ṭāq-e Bostān, the stag hunt, detail (Photo E. H. Peck).

BELTS ii. 

Plate VII. Ṭāq-e Bostān, the mounted knight, detail (Photo E. H. Peck).

BERENJ “rice” i. In Iran

Figure 13. Rice cultivation in the Caspian lowlands.

BERENJ “rice” i. In Iran

Figure 14. Paddy production by ostān, 1982. 1-Gīlān. 2-Māzandarān. 3-Zanjān. 4-Āḏarbāyjān-e Šarqī. 5-Āḏarbāyjān-e Ḡarbī. 6-Lorestān. 7-Īlām. 8-Ḵūzestān. 9-Čahār Maḥāl wa Baḵtīārī. 10-Eṣfahān. 11-Kohgīlūya wa Boir Aḥmadī. 12-­Fārs. 13-Ḵorāsān. 14-Sīstān wa Balūčestān.

BERENJ “rice” ii. In Afghanistan

Figure 15. Geographical distribution of rice fields in Afghanistan

BERENJ “brass” ii. In the Islamic Period

Plate VIII. Ewer, beaten brass (ca. 80 percent copper, 20 percent zinc) inlaid with silver and copper, ht. 40 cm, Herat, ca. 600/1200 (British Museum, 1848.8-5.2)

BERENJ “brass” ii. In the Islamic Period

Plate IX. Bucket, cast quaternary alloy of copper, lead, zinc, and tin, inlaid with copper, diam. 19 cm, Khorasan, 6th/12th or early 7th/13th century (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1969.8)

BESṬĀM (2)

Figure 16. Ruins of an Urartian hill fortress, Besṭām, Azerbaijan.

BESṬĀM (3)

Figure 17. The Masjed-e Jāmeʿ: the most interesting parts of the structure as it stands today date from the Il-khanid period. 

BESṬĀM (3)

Figure 18. Complex of monuments built around Bāyazīd’s tomb.

BĪDĀD

Figure 1. Musical scale of the mode of Homāyūn.

BĪDĀD

Figure 2. Musical scale of the mode of Bidād.

BISOTUN ii. Archeology

Figure 20. The landscape around Bīsotūn: “Paradise of the Ḵosrows”.

BISOTUN iii. Darius's Inscriptions

Figure 21. The positions of the Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian versions of the major trilingual inscription DB on the rock at Bīsotūn.

BISOTUN iii. 

Figure 22. The positions of the minor Old Persian (“Per.”), Elamite (“Sus.”), and Babylonian (“Bab.”) inscriptions DBa-1 (“A-L”) on the Bīsotūn relief.

BISOTUN iii. 

Figure 19. Site plan of Bīsotūn.

BISOTUN iii. 

Plate X. The Darius relief at Bīsotūn

BISOTUN iii. 

Plate XI. The head of Darius.

BISOTUN iii. 

Plate XII. The Ionic column base.

BISOTUN iii. 

Plate XIII. The Seleucid relief of Heracles.

BISOTUN iii. 

Plate XIV. Sasanian capital with relief of Ḵosrow II.

BISOTUN iii. 

Plate XV. Sasanian capital with relief of Anāhīd.

BISOTUN iii. 

Plate XVI. Tarāš-e Farhād.

BISOTUN iii. 

Plate XVII. Miniature of Farhād and Šīrīn.

BISOTUN iii. 

Plate XVIII. The old caravansary.

BISOTUN iii. 

Plate XIX. Inscribed block from Sonqorābād.

BOARD GAMES in pre-Islamic Persia

Figure 1. Game of 20 Squares. Šahr-e Suḵta, found in the grave IUP 731. Tehran, the National Museum of Iran. Courtesy of the National Museum of Iran.

BOARD GAMES 

Figure 2. Diagram for the game of 20 squares, type A (drawing by U. Schädler).

BOARD GAMES 

Figure 3. Diagram for the game of 20 squares, type B (drawing by U. Schädler).

BOARD GAMES  

Figure 4. Gaming board with 3x12 perforated squares, Susa. Paris, the Louvre Museum, No. Sb 10181 (after Mecquenem, 1943, fig. 39, no. 2).

BOARD GAMES  

Figure 5. Die, Susa (after Mecquenem, 1943, p. 46, fig. 40, no. 14).

BOARD GAMES  

Figure 6. Gaming board with 3x10 squares, Susa. Paris, the Louvre Museum, No. 1833. Courtesy of the Louvre Museum.

BOARD GAMES  

Figure 7. Game of 58 holes, diagram (after Murray, 1952, p. 15, fig. 3).

BOARD GAMES  

Figure 8. Game of 58 Holes, Tepe Siālk. Paris, the Louvre Museum, No. AO 19438. Courtesy of the Louvre Museum.

BOARD GAMES  

Figure 9. Five fragments of the game of 58 holes from the “Dépôt du Temple d’Inshushinak,” Susa (after Ellis and Buchanan, 1966, fig. 2).

BOARD GAMES 

Figure 10. Fragmentary game of 58 holes, Luristan. Paris, the Louvre Museum, AO 25342 (after Amiet, 1976, p. 98, no. 240).

BOARD GAMES

Figure 11. Peg with a monkey from the “Dépôt du Temple d’Inshushinak.” Paris, the Louvre Museum, No. Sb 10194 (drawing by C. Florimont, the Louvre Museum).

BOARD GAMES 

Figure 12. Merels (Three Men’s Morris), Susa. Paris, the Louvre Museum, No. Sb 20908. Courtesy of the Louvre Museum

BOLBOL “nightingale” i. The Bird

Figure 1. White-eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis). By permission of E. Firouz (The Complete Fauna of Iran, London and New York, 2005, p. 165).

BOUNDARIES iii. Boundaries of Afghanistan

Figure 23. The boundaries of Afghanistan.

BOUNDARIES iv. With Iraq

Figure 24. The Iran-Iraq boundary along the Šaṭṭ al-ʿArab.

BOYCE, MARY

Figure 1. Mary Boyce.

BOZPĀR

Plate XX. Gūr-e Doḵtar

BRIDGES

Figure 25. The bridge in the palace garden at Pasargadae.

BRIDGES

Figure 26. A girder bridge (above) and arch forms on bridges of different dates in the Islamic period.

BRIDGES

Plate XXI. Bridge on the Euphrates at Babylon (from Wetzel, pl. 78.2).

BRIDGES

Plate XXII. Mihr-Narseh’s bridge at Tang-e Āb, Fīrūzābād, and the rock relief of Ardašīr’s investiture. (Photograph D. Huff)

BRIDGES

Plate XXIII. Pier from the Sasanian bridge near the northwestern city gate of Ardašīr-Ḵorra. (Photograph D. Huff)

BRIDGES

Plate XXIV. Pol-e ʿAruż near Qir, with added Islamic rubble masonry (Photograph D. Huff).

BRONZE i. In pre-Islamic Iran

Figure 27. Modern copper ore bodies of Anatolia and the Iranian Plateau

BRONZE i. In pre-Islamic Iran

Figure 28. Map of tin and gold deposits and occurrences in Afghanistan.

BRONZE ii. In Islamic Iran

Plate XXV. Bowl, high-tin bronze, Khorasan, 8th-10th century.

BRONZE ii. In Islamic Iran

Plate XXVI. Bowl with lid, the so-called “Vaso Vescovali,” high-tin bronze, Khorasan, ca. 600/1200

BRONZE AGE

Figure 29. Bronze Age sites in Iran and Afghanistan.

BRONZES OF LURISTAN

Plate XXVII. Luristan bronze cheekpiece.

BRONZES OF LURISTAN

Plate XXVIII. Luristan bronze animal finial.

BUKHARA vi. Bukharan School of Miniature Painting

Plate XXIX. “Żaḥḥāk enthroned with Jamšīd's sisters.” Folio detached from a manuscript of the Šāh-nāma dateable ca. 1018-30/1610-20, attributable to Moḥammad-Šarīf. Los Angeles County Museum.

BURIAL i. Pre-Historic Burial Sites

Plate XXX. Marlik, tomb no. 52, trench XXIII G. Body of warrior in ceremonial costume with gold buttons, buried over his weapons.

BURIAL i. Pre-Historic Burial Sites

Plate XXXI. Haft Tepe, subsidiary massive tomb with 23 skeletons, 14 packed on the floor and 9 thrown over these