Search Results for “sistan va baluchistan”
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Baluchistan Ḏekr
music sample
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BALUCHISTAN
Multiple Authors
generally understood by the Baluch and their neighbors to comprise an area of over half a million square kilometers in the southeastern part of the Iranian plateau, south of the central deserts and the Helmand river, and in the arid coastal lowlands between the Iranian plateau and the Gulf of Oman.
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HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE
Eckart Ehlers, Gherardo Gnoli
(or simply Hāmun), lit. “lake of the plain, lowland,” a lake covering the deepest part of the Sistān depression and the Sistān watershed.
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EBN MORSAL, LAYṮ
C. Edmund Bosworth
b. Fażl, a client (mawlā) and governor of Sīstān 815-19.
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ḎEKRĪS
Cross-Reference
See BALUCHISTAN i.
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GWĀTI
Cross-Reference
See BALUCHISTAN.
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DŌDĀ-BĀLĀÇ
Cross-Reference
See BALUCHISTAN iii/II.
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COASTAL REGION
Cross-Reference
See BALUCHISTAN, FĀRS.
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Mirqambar
music sample
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IRĀNŠAHR (2)
EIr
city, formerly Fahraj, and sub-province (šahrestān) in the province of Sistān and Baluchistan.
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DERHAM B. NAŻ
C. Edmund Bosworth
or Naṣr or Ḥosayn; commander of ʿayyārs or moṭawweʿa, orthodox Sunni vigilantes against the Kharijites in Sīstān during the period immediately preceding the rise of the Saffarid brothers to supreme power there.
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ʿAMR B. YAʿQŪB
C. E. Bosworth
great-grandson of the co-founder of the Saffarid dynasty and ephemeral boy amir in Sīstān, 299-301/912-13.
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GEDROSIA
Willem J. Vogelsang
or Kedrosia; a place-name known only from Classical sources.
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BASSĀM-E KORD
Z. Safa
the Kharijite (fl. mid-9th century), one of the first poets in the New Persian language, active at the court of the Saffarids.
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ABU’L-FARAJ SEJZĪ
M. Dabīrsīāqī
4th/10th century poet of Sīstān, author of several lost works on the art of poetry.
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ZARANGIANA
Cross-Reference
territory around Lake Hāmun and the Helmand river in modern Sistān. See DRANGIANA.
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CROCODILE
S. C. Anderson
(nahang, Baluchi gandū), Crocodylus palustris, the marsh crocodile. It inhabits fresh-water marshes, pools, and rivers, and probably the only suitable crocodile habitat in Persian Baluchistan is along the Sarbāz river. The present intermittent distribution of this species in Pakistan and Persian Baluchistan represents a fragmentation of a once more continuous range during moister climatic regimes in the recent past.
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ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN B. SAMORA
M. G. Morony
Arab general who campaigned in Sīstān (d. 50/670).
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ZRANKA
Cross-Reference
territory around Lake Hāmun and the Helmand river in modern Sistan. See DRANGIANA.
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GANJ-ʿALĪ KHAN
Mohammad-Ebrahim Bastani Parizi
a military leader and governor of Kermān, Sīstān, and Qandahār under Shah ʿAbbās I (996-1038/1588-1629).
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AZHAR-E ḴAR
L. P. Smirnova
“Azhar the ass,” nickname of AZHAR B. YAḤYĀ B. ZOHAYR B. FARQAD, third cousin and military commander of the Saffarid amirs Yaʿqūb and ʿAmr b. Layṯ.
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ḤAMZA B. ĀḎARAK
C. Edmund Bosworth
or Atrak or ʿAbd-Allāh Abu Ḵozayma (d. 828), Kharijite rebel in Sistān and Khorasan during early ʿAbbasid times.
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ABDĪH UD SAHĪGĪH Ī SAGASTĀN
A. Tafażżolī
(“The wonder and remarkability of Sagastān”), short Pahlavi treatise.
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AḤMAD B. QODĀM
C. E. Bosworth
a military adventurer who temporarily held power in Sīstān during the confused years following the collapse of the first Saffarid amirate and the military empire of ʿAmr b. Layṯ in 287/900.
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BALUCHISTAN ii. Archeology
J. G. Shaffer
may have been inhabited first during the Pleistocene as proposed by Hume (1976), based on Paleolithic sites found in the Ladiz valley.
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HELMAND RIVER
Multiple Authors
the border river of Afghanistan and Persia. It originates in the mountains in the Hazārajāt (q.v) and flows into the Sistān in southeastern Persia and finally drains into the Hāmun Lake.
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BALŪHAR O BŪDĀSAF
cross-reference
See BARLAAM AND IOSAPH.
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GOLDSMID, Major-General Sir Fredrick John
Denis Wright
(b. Milan, 1818; d. Hammersmith, England, 1909), British scholar, negotiator and arbitrator of Perso-Afghan boundary dispute.
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BALUCHISTAN v. Baluch Carpets
S. Azadi
a distinct group of carpets, woven by Baluch tribes in the northeastern Iranian province of Khorasan and the Sīstān area. These were not made in Makrān, where the main body of the Baluch tribes live.
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SISTĀN ii. In the Islamic period
C. E. Bosworth
It was during the governorship in Khorasan of ʿAbdallāh b. ʿĀmer for the caliph ʿOṯmān that the Arabs first appeared in Sistān, when in 31/652 Zarang surrendered peacefully, although Bost resisted fiercely.
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MAKRĀN
C. E. Bosworth
(also Mokrān) the coastal region of Baluchistan, extending from the Somniani Bay to the northwest of Karachi in the east westwards to the fringes of the region of Bashkardia/Bāšgerd in the southern part of the Sistān and Balučestān province of modern Iran.
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HELMAND RIVER iii. IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
C. Edmund Bosworth
The early Islamic geographers refer variously to the Helmand River as Hendmand, Hilmand, Hirmid, Hidmand, Hermand, or Hirmand, the usual name in Persian down to the present time.
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KERMAN
Multiple Authors
province of Iran located between Fars and Sistan va Balučestān; also the name of its principal city and capital.
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HOLDICH, THOMAS HUNGERFORD
Denis Wright
As head of the Baluchistan Survey Party from 1883, Holdich organized surveys of south Baluchistan and Makran. In 1884 he headed the Russo-Afghan Boundary Commission’s survey party; in 1896 he was chief British Commissioner on the Perso-Baluch Boundary Commission.
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AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD
C. E. Bosworth
(r. 311-52/923-63), amir in Sīstān of the Saffarid dynasty (that part of it sometimes called “the second Saffarid dynasty”).
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ḴALAF B. AḤMAD
C. E. Bosworth
b. Moḥammad, Abu Aḥmad (d. 1009), Amir in Sistān of the “second line” of Saffarids, who ruled between 963 and 1003.
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CHRISTIE, CHARLES
Kamran Ekbal
Captain (d. 1812), of the Bombay Regiment, an Anglo-Indian officer under the command of Sir John Malcolm.
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ABU’L-FAŻL TĀJ-AL-DĪN
C. E. Bosworth
amir of the line of later Saffarids, sometimes called the third dynasty of Saffarids and, by a historian like Jūzǰānī, the “Maleks of Nīmrūz and Seǰestān.”
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ṬURĀN
C. E. Bosworth
(ṬOVARĀN), the mediaeval Islamic name for the mountainous district of east-central Baluchistan lying to the north of the mediaeval coastal region of Makrān, what was in recent centuries, until 1947, the Aḥmadzay Khanate of Kalat.
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Simorğ
music sample
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MAWDUD B. MASʿUD
C. Edmund Bosworth
sultan of the Ghaznavid dynasty, recorded on his coins with the honorifics Šehāb-al-Din wa’l-Dawla and Qoṭb-al-Mella.
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CHROMITE
Raḥmat-Allāh Ostovār
FeCr2O4, a dark-brown or black mineral from which chromium is refined.
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ʿALĪ B. ḤARB
C. E. Bosworth
(or ʿAlī b. ʿOṯmān b. Ḥarb), ephemeral Saffarid amir of the so-called “third Saffarid dynasty”.
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ḎORRAT
Hūšang Aʿlam
maize or (Indian) corn, Zea mays L. (fam. Gramineae), with many varieties and hybrids.
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BEAR
Paul Joslin
(Pers. ḵers, Av. arša-). Two varieties of bears are found on the Iranian plateau: the Eurasian brown bear and the Baluchistan black bear. The Eurasian brown bear is the most common of all bears.
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ʿALAM, Moḥammad Ebrāhim
Hormoz Davarpanah
(1881-1944), one of the most eminent local magnates and landowners of the late Qajar and early Pahlavi period.
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DEH MORĀSĪ ḠONDAY
Jim G. Shaffer
a Bronze Age archeological site located at 34° 90’ N, 65° 30’ E, adjacent to the village of Deh Morāsī, approximately 27 km southwest of Qandahār and 6.5 km east-southeast of Pahjwāʾī in southeastern Afghanistan.
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HELMAND RIVER i. GEOGRAPHY
M. Jamil Hanifi and EIr
At approximately 1,300 km, the Helmand River is the longest river in Afghanistan. Originating from the Koh-e Bābā heights of the Hindu Kush mountain range (about 40 km west of Kabul), the Helmand receives five tributaries—Kajrud (Kudrud), Arḡandāb, Terin, Arḡastān, and Tarnak.
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ĀZĀDSARV
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
Two bearers of this name are known.
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DŌRĪ
Daniel Balland
river in southern Afghanistan, the main tributary of the Arḡandā.
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BAYTUZ
C. E. Bosworth
a Turkish commander who controlled the town of Bost in southern Afghanistan during the middle years of the 10th century.
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FLOYER, ERNEST AYSCOGHE
Josef Elfenbein
Floyer became the first station chief at Jāsk in 1870, although he was only seventeen, and served until 1877. Goldsmid encouraged his station and substation staff to explore their surroundings, and Floyer was one of those who responded, taking a long leave of absence in 1876-77.
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BAMPŪR
B. de Cardi, ʿA.-A. Saʿīdī Sīrjānī
i. Prehistoric Site. ii. In Modern Times. Bampūr is a baḵš and qaṣaba (borough) in the šahrestān of Īrānšahr in the province of Balūčestān o Sīstān. The plain of Bampūr is encircled by several high mountains.
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AMĪRAK ṬŪSĪ
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
4th/10th century notable of the ʿAbd-al-Razzāqī family of Ṭūs.
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ASFEZĀR
C. E. Bosworth
(or ASFŌZAR), designation of a district (kūra) and later its chief town in the Herat quarter of Khorasan.
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BĀBORĪ
D. Balland
(or Bābor, Bābar; sing. Bāboray), a Paṧtūn tribe originally from the Solaymān mountains, now widely dispersed.
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BATS
A. F. DeBlase
(Pers. šabpara, mūš(-e)kūr; Ar. ḵoffāš). All but two Iranian bat species fall into one of three geographic groups in Iran. Rousettus aegyptiacus is known from Baluchistan, Qešm island, and three sites near Jahrom in Fārs. Records indicate that it ranges across southern Iran wherever dates and other fruits are grown.
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DĪVĀL-E ḴODĀYDĀD
Klaus Fischer
an extensive area of historic remains in the center of an ancient canal system fed by the rivers Helmand and Ḵāšrūd and located between the eastern border of the Hāmūn-e Aškīnʿām and the lower Ḵāšrūd, about 45 km to the northeast of Zaranj in southwest Afghanistan.
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ḴOJESTĀNI, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd-Allāh
C. Edmund Bosworth
(d. 882), commander of the Taherids in Khorasan, and after the Ṣaffarid occupation of Nishapur in 873, a contender for power.
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TĀRIḴ-E SISTĀN
C. E. Bosworth
an anonymous local history in Persian of the eastern Iranian region of Sistān, the region that straddles the modern Iran-Afghanistan border. It forms a notable example of the flourishing genre of local histories in the pre-modern Iranian lands.
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BALUCHISTAN iv. Music of Baluchistan
M. T. Massoudieh
usually connected with particular ceremonies (marāsem), religious rites, festivals, or holidays. The relationships between melodies and particular ceremonies are reflected in their names.
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CHAARENE
Rüdiger Schmitt
(Gk. Chaarēnḗ), in Achaemenid times one of the easternmost Iranian provinces and the one closest to India.
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FARĀMARZ
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
son of Iran’s national hero Rostam, and himself a renowned hero of the Iranian national epic whose adventures were very popular, especially during the 10th and 11th centuries.
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ABŪ NAṢR AḤMAD
C. E. Bosworth
Samanid amir in Transoxania and Khorasan (295-301/907-14).
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CARPETS
Multiple Authors
(qālī; Ar. and Pers. farš), heavy textiles used as coverings for floors, walls, and other large surfaces, as well as for various kinds of furnishing.
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Menu of Music Samples
music sample
a collection of music samples with their related entries on The Encyclopaedia Iranica.
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ABU’L-MOʾAYYAD BALḴĪ
G. Lazard
An early Persian poet and writer of the Samanid period, whose works have almost entirely disappeared.
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KHARIJITES IN PERSIA
C. Edmund Bosworth
sect of early Islam which arose out of the conflict between ʿAli b. Abi Ṭāleb (r. 656-61) and Moʿāwiya b. Abi Sufyān (r. 661-80).
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QOFṢ
C. E. Bosworth
the Arabised form of Kufiči, lit. “mountain dweller,” the name of a people of southeastern Iran found in the Islamic historians and geographers of the 10th-11th centuries.
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TENTS i. General Survey
Jean-Pierre Digard
The most common type of tent in Iran and Afghanistan is the “black tent” (constructed of bands of woven goat hair stitched together), which is known from Mauritania to India.
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AḤMAD B. SAHL B. HĀŠEM
C. E. Bosworth
governor in Khorasan during the confused struggles for supremacy there between the Saffarids, Samanids, and various military adventures in the late 3rd/9th and early 4th/10th century, d. 307/920.
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ČAḴĀNSŪR
Daniel Balland
principal town of the large Ḵāšrūd delta oasis in northeastern Sīstān.
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ʿAMR B. LAYṮ
C. E. Bosworth
ṢAFFĀRĪ, military commander and second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty of Sīstān (r. 879-900).
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SYKES, Percy Molesworth
Denis Wright
(1867-1945), Sir, soldier, diplomat, traveler, and writer who wrote extensively on Iran.
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MUSĀ YABḠU
Osman G. Özgüdenli
the eponymous strongman of a Ḡozz clan, whose nephew Toḡrel founded the Saljuq dynasty.
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DRANGIANA
R. Schmitt
or Zarangiana; territory around Lake Hāmūn and the Helmand river in modern Sīstān.
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ARDAŠĪR SAKĀNŠĀH
A. Sh. Shahbazi
a vassal king of the first Sasanian king of kings, Ardašīr I.
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HELMAND RIVER iv. IN THE LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES
Arash Khazeni
The late 19th and 20th centuries saw a number of colonial and national schemes, including boundary commisions and large-scale irrigation projects, that aimed to demarcate the Iran-Afghan borderlands.
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HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE ii. IN LITERATURE AND MYTHOLOGY
Gherardo Gnoli
In the literature and mythology of ancient Persia, Lake Hāmun occupied, along with the Helmand Riiver, a position of particular importance, especially in Zoroastrian eschatology.
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MATHESON, Sylvia Anne
Yolande Crowe
Matheson was born Sylvia Anne Terry-Smith in London and trained at Wimbledon Technical College. By the age of 16 she started work as a journalist while attending evening classes at the Wimbledon School of Art. She interviewed celebrities such as Charles Laughton, Compton Mackenzie, and P. G. Wodehouse.
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IRĀNŠAHR ii. Population, 1956-2011
Mohammad Hossein Nejatian
the population growth from 1956 to 2011, age structure, average household size, literacy rate, and economic activity status for 2006 and/or 2011.
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ABŪ ṢĀLEḤ MANṢŪR
C. E. Bosworth
Samanid prince, the cousin of the amir Aḥmad b. Esmāʿīl (295-301/907-14) and uncle of his successor Naṣr b. Aḥmad (301-31/914-43).
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BAHMAN-NĀMA
W. L. Hanaway, Jr.
epic poem in Persian of about 9,500 lines recounting the adventures of Bahman son of Esfandīār.
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KĀRIZ
Xavier de Planhol
underground irrigation canals, also called qanāt. The kārēz conducts water from the level of an aquifer to the open air by means of simple gravity in order to distribute it to lower areas.
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DEŽ-E BAHMAN
Aḥmad Tafażżolī
lit. "fortress of Bahman"; according to legend a fortress in Azerbaijan conquered by the Kayānian king Kay Ḵosrow, son of Sīāvaš and grandson of Kāvūs, king of Iran.
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JOVAYN
C. Edmund Bosworth
name of three historical localities: a village in Fārs, a fortress o the northeast of Lake Zereh in Sistān, and especially the district of that name in Khorasan.
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HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE i. GEOGRAPHY
Eckart Ehlers
The Sistān basin is the easternmost endorheic basin in Persia, draining a watershed 350,000 km2.
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KAYĀNSĪH
A. Panaino
Pahlavi form of the name of a mythical sea, Av. Kąsaoiia-, connected in tradition with the Hāmun lake. According to Later Av. sources it is from the Kąsaoiia that the Saošiiaṇt Astuuat̰.ərəta- will rise.
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GARŠĀSP-NĀMA
François de Blois
or Karšāsp-nāma; a long heroic epic by Asadī Ṭūsī (d. 1072/73) completed, as the author says in the epilogue, in 1066, and dedicated to a ruler of Naḵjavān by the name of Abū Dolaf.
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AYMĀQ
A. Janata
(Turk. Oymaq), a term designating tribal peoples in Khorasan and Afghanistan, mostly semi-nomadic or semi-sedentary, in contrast to the fully sedentary, non-tribal population of the area.
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BAṚĒC(Ī)
D. Balland
a Pashtun tribe in southern Afghanistan. Location of the Baṛēc at the southern extremity of Pashtun territory and at the limits of the Baluch has allowed multiple contacts with the latter and Brahui, including intermarriages, as well as linguistic or even genealogical assimilation.
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FARMĀNFARMĀ, FĪRŪZ MĪRZĀ NOṢRAT-AL-DAWLA
Shireen Mahdavi
(1817-1886), sixteenth son of ʿAbbās Mīrzā and grandson of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah. His political and military career flourished in the reigns of his brother Moḥammad Shah (834-48) and his nephew Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1848-96).
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HALIL RUD
M. H. Ganji
river in the Jiroft and Kahnuj districts of Kerman Province in southeastern Iran, which stretches a total length of 390 km.
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BĪRJAND
Moḥammad-Ḥasan Ganjī
town and district in the southeastern part of the province of Khorasan (lat 32°52′ N, long 59°13′ E).
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BAŠĀKERD
B. Spooner
a roughly rectangular mountainous district (dehestān) east of Mīnāb and north of Jāsk. The topography and the natural conditions are similar to Makrān to the immediate east.
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BELLEW, HENRY WALTER
D. Neil MacKenzie
(1834-92), surgeon and amateur orientalist. Throughout his service he took a lively interest in the languages and ethnography of the peoples within his charge.
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ĀLŪČA
A. Parsa
garden plum (Prunus domestica), a fruit with a wide range in size, flavor, color, and texture.
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MOCKLER, EDWARD
Agnes Korn and Elaine Zair
(1842-1927), British army officer and diplomat who contributed to the study of Baluchistan and the Baluchi language.
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HELMAND RIVER ii. IN ZOROASTRIAN TRADITION
Gherardo Gnoli
According to Avestan geography, the region of the Haētumant River extends in a southwest direction from the point of confluence of the Arḡandāb with the Helmand.
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BĀD (1)
X. de Planhol
“wind.” On the plateau of Iran and Afghanistan winds depend on a general regime of atmospheric pressures characterized, in the course of the year, by the succession of markedly distinct seasons with relatively stable barometric gradients.