Search Results for “parthian and sasanian”

• EDUCATION ii. IN THE PARTHIAN AND SASANIAN PERIODS

  Aḥmad Tafażżolī

  No concrete evidence on education in Parthian times has survived. It may be postulated, however, that it was similar to education in the Sasanian period.

• COURTS AND COURTIERS ii. In the Parthian and Sasanian periods

  Philippe Gignoux

  In the absence of records, a full picture of court life under the Parthians and Sasanians cannot be pieced together.

• COMMERCE iii. In the Parthian and Sasanian periods

  Richard N. Frye

  There are few contemporary sources on commerce in the Parthian period, and no archeological site on the Persian plateau has yielded finds that shed light on the subject.

• CERAMICS xii. The Parthian and Sasanian Periods

  Remy Boucharlat and Ernie Haerinck

  the distribution pattern of pottery characterized by a wide range of different techniques and styles was quite complex, probably owing to diverse environments that have traditionally been reflected in major differences in the material culture of Persia.

• JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS ii. PARTHIAN AND SASANIAN JUDICIAL SYSTEMS

  Mansour Shaki

  In Sasanian times, and by extrapolation in previous periods, there were courts of justice at various levels all over the empire, in every rural area, district, and city.

• JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES iii. PARTHIAN AND SASANIAN PERIODS

  Jacob Neusner

  By the time the Parthians reached Babylonia, Jews had lived there, under Babylonian, Achaemenid, and Seleucid rule for more than four and a half centuries.

• CLASS SYSTEM iii. In the Parthian and Sasanian Periods

  Mansour Shaki

  The scant and fragmentary information available on the Parthian period does not permit a comprehensive descrip­tion of social structure; in fact, the vast but decentralized empire encompassed a variety of social structures.

• JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS

  Multiple Authors

  i. Achaemenid systems.  ii. Parthian and Sasanian judicial system. iii. Sasanian legal system. iv. Judicial system, advent of Islam through the 19th century. v. Judicial system, 20th century. vi. Legal system, Islamic period.

• MAGI

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

  the only recorded designation of priests of all western Iranians during the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian (mgw), and Sasanian periods.

• PARTHIAN(S)

  Cross-Reference

  See ARSACID DYNASTY.

• COURTS AND COURTIERS

  Multiple Authors

  Courts and courtiers i. In the Median and Achaemenid periods, ii. In the Parthian and Sasanian periods, iii. In the Islamic period to the Mongol conquest, iv. Under the Mongols, v. Under the Timurid and Turkman dynasties, vi. In the Safavid period, vii. In the Qajar period, viii. In the reign of Reżā Shah Pahlavī, ix. In the reign of Moḥammad-Reżā Shah. See SUPPLEMENT, x. Court poetry

• ESFANDĪĀR (2)

  Ehsan Yarshater

  one of the seven great clans of Parthian and Sasanian times.

• BAHRĀM

  Multiple Authors

  name of six Sasanian kings and of several notables of the Sasanian and later periods. The name derives from Old Iranian Vṛθragna, Avestan Vərəθraγna, the god of victory.

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• MAZDAK, MAZDAKISM

  Cross-Reference

  See  IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (1) Pre-Islamic (1.1) Overview, COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY iv. In the Mazdakite religion, ḴORRAMIS, BĀBAK ḴORRAMĪ, SASANIAN DYNASTY, CLASS SYSTEM iii. In the Parthian and Sasanian Periods, IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (1) Pre-Islamic Times,  ZOROASTRIANISM i. Historical Review Up To The Arab Conquest.

• DARIUS

  Multiple Authors

  (NPers. Darīūš, Dārā), name of several Achaemenid and Parthian rulers and princes.

• ĒRĀN-ŠĀD-KAWĀD

  Rika Gyselen

  name of a Sasanian town occurring in post-Sasanian sources only.

• ASTAUENE

  Cross-Reference

  Parthian province to the north of Hyrcania (Gorgān). See OSTOVĀ.

• ARDAŠĪR SAKĀNŠĀH

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  a vassal king of the first Sasanian king of kings, Ardašīr I.

• ARGBED

  M. L. Chaumont

  a high-ranking title in the Parthian and Sasanian period.

• HERODIAN

  Philip Huyse

  (fl. shortly before 250 CE), historian, probably a native of Syria, who wrote a Greek history of the Roman emperors from the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 CE to the accession of Gordian III in 238.

• ASPBED

  M. L. Chaumont

  “master of horses, chief of cavalry,” Parthian title attested in the Nisa documents and the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt.

• FARHĀD (2)

  Cross-Reference

  name of a number of Parthian kings. See PHRAATES.

• ADMINISTRATION in Iran ii. Arsacid/Parthian Period

  Cross-Reference

  See ARSACIDS.

• ASSYRIA

  M. Dandamayev, È. Grantovskiĭ, K. Schippmann

  i. The Kingdom of Assyria and its relations with Iran. ii. Achaemenid Aθurā. iii. Parthian Assur.

• BĀZA-ḴŪR

  D. Huff

  (Baz-e Hur), a village and site of some important Sasanian structures on the road from Mašhad to Torbat-e Ḥaydarīya.

• ATRUŠAN

  J. R. Russell

  the Armenian word for “fire temple,” a loan-word from Parthian.

• CLIBANARIUS

  Cross-reference

  in Roman sources a designation for a Parthian armored cavalryman. See ASB; ASB-SAVĀRĪ.

• COMMERCE

  Multiple Authors

   within Persia and between Persia and other regions.

• ARSACIDS

  Multiple Authors

  (Persian Aškānīān), Parthian dynasty which ruled Iran from about 250 BCE to about 226 CE.

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• ARSACIDS vi. Arsacid chronology in traditional history

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  The Parthian rule lasted 474 years, longer than any dynastic period in Iranian history, but post-Sasanian sources give various figures for the duration of the Arsacid rule.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JĀMĀSP

  Jamsheed K. Choksy, Nikolaus Schindel

  Sasanian king. He ascended to the throne in 496 (or possibly early 497) when his brother, the king of kings Kawād I, was deposed.  Jāmāsp, like Kawād, was a son of the Sasanian ruler Pērōz (r. 459-84).  

• GĀH

  Mary Boyce

  a Middle Persian, Parthian, and New Persian word meaning either “place” or “time.”

• DARIUS vii. Parthian Princes

  Rudiger Schmitt

  In 64 B.C.E. while his father, Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus (ca. 121/20-63 B.C.E.), was fighting his last, losing campaign against the troops of the Roman general Pompey (106-48 B.C.E.), the child Darius was taken prisoner, along with several brothers and his sister Eupatra, in Phanagoria

• JEWISH EXILARCHATE

  Jacob Neusner

  position of the head of the Jewish community in Babylonia in talmudic and medieval times, recognized in Sasanian times as an ethnarch, ruler of the ethnic group.

• ARDAŠĪR I

  Multiple Authors

  (d. 242 CE), the founder of the Sasanian empire. 

• JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES

  Multiple Authors

   OF IRAN, one of the oldest Jewish populations in the Diaspora. 

• KAWĀD I

  Nikolaus Schindel

  Sasanian king, son of Pērōz I. This entry is divided into two sections:  i. Reign. ii. Coinage.

• BĀMŠĀD

  A. Tafażżolī

  named as a musician at the court of the Sasanian king Ḵosrow II Parvēz (r. 591-628).

• AXSE

  M. L. Chaumont

  name of a Parthian hostage in Rome, inscribed in the dedication of an epitaph engraved on a marble plaque and discovered at the Forum Boarium in Rome.

• CHARAX

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  town in the Seleucid and Parthian province of Rhagiana, the area around modern Ray.

• ADMINISTRATION in Iran iii. Sasanian Period

  Cross-Reference

  See SASANIAN DYNASTY.

• ĀDUR NARSEH

  A. Tafażżolī

  son of the Sasanian king Hormozd II (302-09 CE) and ruler for several months after his father.

• EGYPT

  Multiple Authors

  relations with Persia and Afghanistan.

• ASSYRIA iii. Parthian Assur

  K. Schippmann

  In 141 B.C. the Parthian king Mithridates I conquered large parts of Mesopotamia, including probably Assyria. Although the Parthians were soon driven back out of Mesopotamia, Assur finally fell under Parthian influence from the reign of Mithridates II onwards.

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• Bahrām III

  O. Klíma

  the sixth Sasanian king, son of Bahrām II ruled for four months.

• AN-HSI

  E. G. Pulleyblank

  name by which the Parthian empire was known to the Chinese, a transcription of Aršak-, the name of the Parthian ruling house.

• ART IN IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  The history of art in Iran and Iranian lands.

• ADMINISTRATION in Iran

  Multiple Authors

  This entry covers state administration in Iran in the modern period, from the rise of the Safavids to the fall of the Pahlavis in 1979. 

• ŠĀPUR

  Multiple Authors

  Three Sasanian king of kings and a number of notables of the Sasanian and later periods were called “Shapur.”

• ḴOSROW I

  Multiple Authors

  Sasanian king (r. 531-79), son of Kawād I.

• ĒRĀN-XWARRAH-YAZDGERD

  Rika Gyselen

  lit. "Ērān, glory of Yazdegerd"; Sasanian province probably created by Yazdegerd II (438-457).

• SUSA

  Multiple Authors

  a collection of articles about a major ancient city in Iran and one of the capital cities of the Achaemenids.

• CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM IRANICARUM

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  (C.I.I.), an association devoted to the col­lection and publication of Iranian inscriptions and documents.

• BĀBAK (1)

  R. N. Frye

  (Mid. Pers. Pāpak, Pābag), a ruler of Fārs at the beginning of the third century, father of Ardašīr, the founder of the Sasanian dynasty.  

• ABARŠAHR

  H. Gaube

  Name of Nīšāpūr province in western Khorasan. From the early Sasanian period, Nišāpur, which was founded or rebuilt by Šāpur I in the first years of his reign, was the administrative center of the province.

• ARCHEOLOGY

  Multiple Authors

  The history of archeological research in Iran may be divided into two periods, before and after the Second World War. The early period can in turn be subdivided into a first phase of mainly French activity (ca. 1884-1931), and a second phase in which archeology in Iran became a multinational affair (1931-40). The modern period can be subdivided into what might best be called the “quiet phase” (1940-57) and the “explosive phase” (1958-78).

• AVROMAN DOCUMENTS

  D. N. MacKenzie

  three parchments found in a cave in the Kūh-e Sālān.

• DAM (2)

  Klaus Fischer

  archeological site in Afghanistan, 30°55’ N, 62°01’ E, located approximately 20 km east of the Helmand delta.

• ZĀDUYA

  Touraj Daryaee

  a Persian noble in the 7th century CE who was instrumental in the crowning of Farroḵzād Ḵosrow as Sasanian king.

• HORMOZDGĀN

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  BATTLE OF, the engagement which brought Ardašir I and the Sasanian dynasty to power, 28 April 224 CE.

• AXTARMĀR

  A. Tafażżolī

  “astronomer.” The astronomers were included in the category of the third of the four Sasanian social classes, i.e., the class of the scribes, together with the physicians and poets.

• BAAT

  N. Sims-Williams, J. Russell

  an Iranian middle personal name; Baat is the name of a disciple of Mani mentioned in the Coptic “crucifixion narrative”. The word is borrowed in Armenian in the form “Bat” which translates to the name of the “nahapet” (family head).

• KAWĀD II

  Cross-Reference

  Sasanian king (r. 628), son of  ḴOSROW II.   See ŠIRUYA (entry pending).

• AURELIUS VICTOR

  M. L. Chaumont

  born in Africa ca. 325/330, held high positions under Julian and Theodosius.

• KUSHANSHAHS

  Multiple Authors

  the title of rulers, known between the 3rd-century Sasanian conquests and the 4th/5th-century Hunnic invasions, in parts of eastern Iran, Afghanistan, and Gandhāra.

• GĒL

  Cross-Reference

  tribes in the Arsacid and Sasanian periods. See GĪLĀN.

• ARTEMITA IN APOLLONIATIS

  M. L. Chaumont

  city of the Parthian period in eastern Iraq.

• AMMŌ, MĀR

  J. P. Asmussen

  Manichean apostle, outstanding figure in the missionary history of Manicheism during the 3rd century CE.

• DARBAND EPIGRAPHY

  Multiple Authors

  epigraphic remains on the walls of Darband, from Sasanian through Medieval Islamic times.

• CUPBEARER

  James R. Russel

  one who fills and distributes cups of wine, as in a royal household.

• CERAMICS

  Multiple Authors

  Ceramics in Persia from the Neolithic period to the 19th century.

• GERMANY xi. Iranian Coins in the Federal Bank of Germany

  Karin Mosig-Walburg

  The collection of Iranian coins in the Deutsche Bundesbank comprises a number of pieces of rare or very rare specimens, almost all minted in precious metal, from Achaemenids to Pahlavi dynasties.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ADERGOUDOUNBADES

  R. N. Frye

  a kanārang (eastern border margrave) appointed by the Sasanian king Kavād (r. 488-531 A.D.).

• DĀRĀ (City)

  Michael Weiskopf

  the name of a Parthian city and of a Byzan­tine garrison town of the Sasanian period.

• DARIUS viii. Darius Son of Artabanus

  Marie Louise Chaumont

  A son of the Parthian king Artabanus II named Darius was sent as a hostage to Rome shortly after an interview between Artabanus and the Roman legate for Syria, Vitellius, in 37 C.E.

• CLASS SYSTEM

  Multiple Authors

  (ṭabaqāt-e ejtemāʿī), a generic term referring to various types of social group, including castes, estates, status groups, and occupational categories.

• CHITON

  Cross-Reference

  See CLOTHING i. Median and Achaemenid periods, iii. Sasanian period.

• BĀṬĀS

  R. M. Boehmer

  a village in Iraq, Arbīl province. The nearby rock relief, no longer in good preservation, may  depict Izates II, the king of Adiabene (ca. 36-62 A.D.), who was converted to Judaism. He is likely to have ordered the carving after the unexpected retreat of the Parthian king of kings, Vologases I.

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• ĀDURFRĀZGIRD

  C. J. Brunner

  a brother of the Sasanian king Šāpūr II (309-79 CE) who is mentioned in the Syriac Acts of the Persian Martyrs.

• ĒRĀN-ĀSĀN-KERD-KAWĀD

  Rika Gyselen

  lit. "Kawād [has] made Ērān peaceful"; name of a Sasanian province (šahr) created by Kawād I (r. 488-531).

• BOḴT-ARDAŠĪR

  Jes P. Asmussen

  name of a town (Mid. Pers. rōstāg) that Ardašīr I is said to have founded as an expression of his gratitude to God during his flight from the court of the last Parthian king, Ardawān.

• ḴANDAQ

  Michael G. Morony

  a Persian loanword in Arabic meaning a trench or a moat (lit. “dug”), possibly also a wall or an enclosure.

• ĒR, ĒR MAZDĒSN

  Gherardo Gnoli

  an ethnonym, like Old Persian ariya- and Avestan airya-, meaning “Aryan” or “Iranian.”

• ASWĀR

  P. O. Skjærvø

  (Middle Persian) “horseman.” In Old Persian asabāra designated the horseman as opposed to the foot-soldier.

• FARROḴZĀD

  Cross-Reference

  son of Ḵosrow II, ruled briefly in 630/631. See SASANIAN DYNASTY.

• BARDA and BARDA-DĀRI

  Multiple Authors

  Slaves and slavery.  i. In the Achaemenid period. ii. In the Sasanian period. iii. In the Islamic period up to the Mongol invasion. iv. From the Mongols to the abolition of slavery. v. Military slavery in Islamic Iran.

• ĒRĀN-WIN(N)ĀRD-KAWĀ

  Rika Gyselen

  lit. "Kawād[has] arranged Ērān"; name of a Sasanian province (šahrestān) created by Kawād I (r. 488-531) in his reorganization of the empire.

• ARBELA

  J. F. Hansman

  capital of an ancient northern Mesopotamian province located between the two Zab rivers.  

• GOŠNASP ASPĀD

  Cross-Reference

  Sasanian military commander. See ḴOSROW II.

• INHERITANCE

  Multiple Authors

  i. Sasanian period. ii. Islamic period.

• BĀNBIŠN

  W. Sundermann

  Middle Persian “queen”: etymology and occurrences in Middle Iranian.

• PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN vi. ARMENIAN NAMES OF IRANIAN ORIGIN

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Linguistic research has documented that the majority of Iranian lexical and other borrowings in Armenian originated in the Parthian language.

• ĀB-NĀHĪD

  Mary Boyce

   “Nāhid of the Water,” a Zoroastrian woman’s name, first attested in the poem Vis o Rāmīn.

• ABARSĀM

  E. Yarshater

  (APURSĀM in Middle Persian), a dignitary and high-ranking officeholder of the court of the Sasanian king Ardašīr I (A.D. 226-42).

• FISCAL SYSTEM

  Multiple Authors

  i. Achaemenid Period. ii. Sasanian Period. iii. Islamic Period. iv. Safavid and Qajar Periods. v. Pahlavi Period. vi. Islamic Republic..

• ARTĒŠTĀRĀN SĀLĀR

  W. Sundermann

  “chief of the warriors,” a high-ranking title in Sasanian times. 

• EDUCATION

  Multiple Authors

  (Pers. āmūzeš o parvareš; earlier Ar. Per. taʿlīm o tarbīat) in Iranian-speaking areas.

• HORMOZD V

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  Sasanian great king (r. 630-32 CE) in the turbulent years following the murder of Ḵosrow II Parvēz (628).

• ĒRĀN-XWARRAH-ŠĀBUHR

  Rika Gyselen

  lit. "Ērān, glory of Šāpūr"; Sasanian province (šahrestān) containing Susa and probably created by Šāpūr II (r. 309-379).

• ĀSŌRISTĀN

  G. Widengren

  name of the Sasanian province of Babylonia.