Search Results for “Tagh-e Bostan”

• BESṬĀM (1)

  Wilhelm Eilers

  (or Bestām), an Iranian man’s name; as a result of its past popularity, it is a fairly common component of place names.

• BANĪ ṬOROF

  J. Perry

  (Banu Turuf), a large Shiʿite Arab tribe of Howayza (Ḥawīza) district in Ḵūzestān, mostly sedentary, centered north of Howayza between Sūsangerd and Bostān (Besaytīn).

• BOSTĀN AL-SĪĀḤA

  ʿAlī-Akbar Saʿīdī Šīrjānī

  a descriptive geography book by a mystic writer of the early 19th century, Mast-ʿAlīšāh, Ḥājī Zayn-al-ʿĀbedīn b. Mollā Eskandar Šīrvānī.

• ARDAŠĪR II

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  Sasanian king of kings, A.D. 379-83; he was deposed by the nobles in favor of Šāpūr III.

• ČANG

  Ḥosayn-ʿAlī Mallāḥ

  In Persian literature, particularly in poetry, the harp kept an important place. In the Pahlavi text on King Ḵosrow and his page the čang player is listed among the finest of musicians. The harp was also one of the instruments played by the inmates of the harem.

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• ḤAMZA-NĀMA ii. In the Subcontinent

  Frances W. Pritchett

  The Indo-Persian romance tradition, extending from the medieval period to the early 20th century, produced prose works of considerable literary and cultural interest, chief among which were many versions of the Ḥamza romance.

• ḴAYĀL, Mir Moḥammad-Taqi

  Mohammad Sohayb Arshad

  (d. 1759), Indian author of a collection of historical and fictitious stories composed in Persian in fifteen volumes over fourteen years and titled Bustān-e ḵayāl.

• ĀṮĀR-E ʿAJAM

  M. Dabīrsīaqī

  a study of the geographical features and historical monuments of Fārs.

• EŠTEHĀRD

  Mīnū Yūsof-nežād

  a town and district (baḵš) in the province of Tehran.

• BĀḠ i. Etymology

  W. Eilers

  Bāḡ, the Middle and New Persian word for “garden,” as also the Sogdian βāγ, strictly meant “piece” or “patch of land.”

• ANQARAVĪ, ROSŪḴ-AL-DĪN

  H. Algar

  (also known as Rosūḵī Dede; d. 1041/1631), a shaikh in the Mawlawī order and author of the most important traditional commentary on theMaṯnawī of Jalāl-al-dīn Rūmī.

• LUSCHEY, Heinz

  Wolfram Kleiss

  After his military service during the Second World War, Luschey worked as an assistant at the Archaeological Seminar of the University of Tübingen. In 1956 he became assistant director of the Istanbul branch of the German Archaeological Institute.

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• FAḴRĪ HERAVĪ, SOLṬĀN-MOḤAMMAD

  Sharif Husain Qasemi

  b. Moḥammad Amīr Khan (or Solṭān) Amīrī Heravī (b. Herat, ca. 1497, d. probably in Agra, after 1566), poet, scholar, and Sufi who wrote on various aspects of the poetic art.

• SASANIAN TEXTILES

  Matteo Compareti

  Classical, Islamic, and Chinese sources celebrate Sasanian textiles as a very precious commodity, but no specific descriptions of them are given. Most studies of Sasanian textile art are originally based on these sources and on examining the reliefs of the larger grotto at Tāq-e Bostān.

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• EBN ŠĀḎĀN

  Wilferd Madelung

  family name of two Imami traditionists: Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. Ḥasan (or Ḥosayn) Fāmī Qomī (10th century) and his son.

• ḤĀTEM ṬĀʾI

  Mahmoud Omidsalar

  the epitome of generosity and munificence in Arabic and Persian anecdotal traditions.

• TĀJ AL-SALĀṬIN

  M. Ismail Marcinkowski

  a book in the genre of Mirror for Princes written in Malay by Boḵāri Jawhari (fl. early 17th cent.).

• DARJAZĪN

  Parviz Aḏkāʾī

  (or Dargazīn), name of two rural subdistricts (dehestāns) and a village in the Razan district (baḵš) of Hamadān province.

• Z~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  list of all the figure and plate images in the Z entries

• ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ MOḤADDEṮ DEHLAVĪ

  Azduddin Khan

  Sunni theologian and mystic (1746-1824).

• BĀḠ-E FĪN

  ʿA.-A. Saʿīdī Sīrjānī

  garden southwest of the city of Kāšān, where subterranean waters from the Dandāna and Haft Kotal mountains emerge to form the Fīn springs.

• BELTS

  Multiple Authors

  (Mid. Pers, kamar, NPers. kamar-band). Investigation of representations of belts in Iran between the fall of the Achaemenid dynasty in the 4th century BC and the coming of Islam reveals that they were almost exclusively male accessories. Depictions of females wearing belts are rare.

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• ČAŠMA

  Eckart Ehlers

  “spring.”  Iran and Afghanistan, as well as wide parts of Central Asia, have a great variety of natural springs. A very general classification divides all springs into (1) those produced by gravity acting on the groundwater, (2) those that have their origins in tectonic volcanic forces within the earth’s crust.

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• Am~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  list of all the figure and plate images in the Am–Ar entries

• HORMOZD II

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  Sasanian great king (r. 303-09 CE). He assumed a crown very similar to that of Bahrām II,  representing the varəγna, the royal falcon.

• ERDMANN, KURT

  Jens Kr

  (b. Hamburg, 9 September 1901; d. Berlin, 30 September 1964), leading historian of Sasanian and Islamic art.

• BAṚĒC(Ī)

  D. Balland

  a Pashtun tribe in southern Afghanistan. Location of the Baṛēc at the southern extremity of Pashtun territory and at the limits of the Baluch has allowed multiple contacts with the latter and Brahui, including intermarriages, as well as linguistic or even genealogical assimilation.

• CHINESE TURKESTAN i. Geographical Overview

  EIr

  The eastern portion of the Central Asian land mass (see central asia i. geography), between 70° and 100° E and 25° and 45° N, encompasses Chinese Turkestan, now Sinkiang (Xin-jiang) Uighur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China.

• CLOTHING viii. In Persia from the Arab conquest to the Mongol invasion

  Elsie H. Peck

  There is evidence that styles of the late Sasanian period in Persia continued to be worn for some time after the Islamic conquest. The costume worn by “Bahrām Gōr” in a relief from the same site probably reflects that of a man of high rank.

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• IRĀNŠAHR (4)

  Jamshid Behnam

  monthly Persian journal, published in forty-eight issues in Berlin by Ḥosayn Kāẓemzāda Irānšahr,  June 1922 to February 1927. Two principal tendencies can be distinguished in these articles:  a strong interest in ancient Persia and its language and culture, and belief in the potency of a nationalistic spirit.

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• CAPITALS

  Wolfram Kleiss

  in architectural terminology, tran­sitional elements between weight-bearing supports (see COLUMNS) and the roofs or vaults supported. The development of the capital began in Assyria, when a tree trunk was inserted in the earth with another trunk or branch laid in the fork to carry the roof construction.

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• HARP

  Bo Lawergren

  (čang), a string instrument which flourished in Persia in many forms from its introduction, about 3000 BCE, until the 17th century.

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• CLOTHING iv. In the Sasanian period

  Elsie H. Peck

  Variation of the veiled tunic is seen on a series of silver-gilt vases and ewers depicting female dancers and generally dated to the 5th and 6th centuries. In these images the veil, instead of being worn over the shoulder, is draped below the hips, with its ends wrapped around the arms.

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• ABU’L-LAYṮ SAMARQANDĪ

  J. van Ess

  productive Hanafite jurist, author of a Koran commentary and of popular paraenetical works.

• BEHBAHĀNĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ

  Hamid Algar

  (1731-1801) B. MOḤAMMAD-BĀQER, ĀQĀ, Shiʿite mojtahed celebrated primarily for his ferocious hatred of Sufis.

• ROBINSON, Samuel

  Parvin Loloi

  (1794-1884), British scholar of Persian, translator, cotton manufacturer, and educationalist.

• BISOTUN ii. Archeology

  Heinz Luschey

  Although the relief and inscription of Darius on the cliff have made Bīsotūn famous, there are also various other remains in the neighborhood, including some that were discovered or identified only in 1962 and 1963. Some Paleolithic cave finds are the earliest evidence of human presence at the spring-fed pool of Bīsotūn.

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• ČATR

  Eleanor Sims

  parasol or umbrella, an attribute of royalty in Iran.

• ABU’L-ḤASAN ḴARAQĀNĪ

  H. Landolt

  (352-425/963-1033), Sufi shaikh of Ḵaraqān, some 20 km north of Basṭām in Khorasan.

• B~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  list of all the figure and plate images in the letter B entries. 

• SASANIAN ROCK RELIEFS

  G. Herrmann and V. S. Curtis

  one of the primary sources for documentation of the Sasanian period.

• FICTION, ii(a)

  SĪMĪN BEHBAHĀNĪ and EIr

  ii(a). HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MODERN FICTION.  The long reign of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1848-96) and the Constitutional Revolution a decade after his death witnessed the gradual emergence of modern fiction in Persia.

• JAPAN vi. IRANIAN STUDIES IN JAPAN, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Takeshi Aoki

  Ancient Iranian studies in Japan started at the beginning of the 20th century in Tokyo and Kyoto independently.

• JOVIAN

  Erich Kettenhofen

  (Flavius Iovianus; 331-364), Roman emperor, r. 363-64. The present article confines discussion to the events related to the Persian campaign of 363.

• FASĀ i. Geography and History

  MĪNŪ YŪSOFNEŽĀD and JUDITH LERNER

  The sub-province (šahrestān) of Fasā, with an area of ca. 3,820 km2, is bounded to the north by the šahrestāns of Eṣṭahbān/Estahbān and Shiraz, to the east by Eṣṭahbān and Dārāb, to the south by Dārāb and Jahrom, and to the west by Jahrom and Shiraz. 

• BESṬĀM O BENDŌY

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  maternal uncles of Ḵosrow II Parvēz and leading statesmen and soldiers under Hormozd IV and Ḵosrow Parvēz.

• ANTHROPOMORPHISM

  J. Duchesne-Guillemin

  in Iranian religions. Ahura Mazdā in the Gāthās was conceived of, although invisible and immortal, as of human form, with eyes, hands, and tongue; but he was of gigantic size. 

• ARABIC LANGUAGE ii. Iranian loanwords in Arabic

  A.Tafażżolī

  Loanwords in Arabic, traditionally called moʿarrab (arabicized) or daḵīl (foreign words), include a considerable number of Iranian elements.

• HUNTING IN IRAN i. In the pre-Islamic Period

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  Persian has two terms for hunting, naḵjīr and šekār, both of which have spread beyond Iranian languages. i. In the pre-Islamic Period.

• ARMOR

  J. W. Allan

  The main evidence for the form of armor used under the Achaemenids comes from Xenophon and Herodotus. Xenophon in his Cyropaedia describes the guard of Cyrus the Great as having bronze breastplates and helmets, while their horses wore bronze chamfrons and poitrels together with shoulder pieces (parameridia) which also protected the rider’s thighs.

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