Table of Contents
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ŠOKUROV, MOḤAMMADJĀN
Habib Borjian and Evelin Grassi
(1925-2012), Tajik scholar and literary critic. From the late 1980s, in the milieu of glasnost, he cultivated an interest in the theory of modern Tajik culture, and he published copiously on the issues of the history and contemporary conditions of Tajik language, literature, and culture during the independence period after 1991.
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SOLAYMĀN
Peter Jackson
Il-Khan of Iran (1339-1344), a great-grandson of Hülegü’s third son Yošmut.
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SOLAYMĀN I
Rudi Matthee
(1648-1694), Shah, the eighth king of the Safavid dynasty and the oldest son of Shah ʿAbbās II. Until his enthronement, he grew up secluded in the royal harem and his first language was Turkish.
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SOLAYMĀNI, Ātajān Peyrow
Keith Hitchins
(1899-1933), Tajik poet who blended the classical traditions of Tajik-Persian verse with the social themes of the new Soviet Central Asia of the 1920s and early 1930s.
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SOLṬĀN ḤOSAYN
Rudi Matthee
(1668-1727), the ninth and last Safavid king, the eldest son of Shah Solaymān I. Like most Safavid rulers, he was most comfortable speaking Turkish, although he appears to have learned Persian as well.
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SOLṬĀN WALAD
Cross-Reference
13th-14th-century Sufi shaikh and poet, son and eventual successor of Mawlānā Jalāl-al-Din Rumi(Mawlawi). See BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN SOLṬĀN WALAD.
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SOPURḠĀN
David G. Malick
Neo-Aramaic Sipūrḡān, Assyrian village in the Urmia plain, situated on the Nazlu river, 26 km northeast of the city of Urmia.
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SORḴA
Habib Borjian
(locally: Sur), township and sub-province in Semnān Province.
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SORUSHIAN, Jamshid
Carlo G. Cereti
(1914-1999), a Zoroastrian community leader and author.
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SOUR CHERRY
Cross-Reference
See ĀLBĀLŪ.
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SOUR GRAPE jUICE
Cross-Reference
See ĀB-ḠŪRA.
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SOUTH PERSIA RIFLES
Floreeda Safiri
(SPR), a locally recruited militia, commanded by British officers, and operating in the provinces of Fārs and Kermān from 1916 to 1921.
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SOUTHEAST ASIA i. PERSIAN PRESENCE IN
M. Ismail Marcinkowski
Attention will be given to some of the most striking features of the Persian influences on Southeast Asian Islamic culture.
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SOUTHEAST ASIA ii. SHIʿITES IN
M. Ismail Marchinkowski
Along with Sufism, Shiʿite elements too entered Malay-Indonesian Islam, certainly by way of southern India, where it was well represented.
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SPĀHBED
Rika Gyselen
Sasanian title that denoted a high military rank and meant ‘chief of an army, general.’
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SPAIN: RELATIONS WITH PERSIA IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES
José Cutillas Ferrer
Spanish-Persian relations trace back to al-Andalos, when the presence of people and cultural materials from Persia reached its highest level.
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SPANDARMAD
Cross-Reference
one of the six great Aməša Spəntas in Zoroastrianism. See ĀRMAITI .
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SPEAR
Boris A. Litvinsky
(Av. aršti- ‘spear,’ OPers. aršti ‘throwing weapon’ or ‘javelin’) is mentioned in the Avesta several times.
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SPIEGEL, FRIEDRICH (VON)
Rüdiger Schmitt
(1820 -1905), German orientalist and scholar of Iranian studies.
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SPULER, Bertold
Werner Ende, Bert Fragner, Dagmar Riedel
As a teenager Spuler lived through the economic and political turmoils of the 1920s following German defeat in World War I. He received a humanist education, with a focus on Latin and Greek, at the Bismarck Gymnasium in Karlsruhe. Spuler easily picked up languages.
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SRAOŠA
William W. Malandra
a major deity (yazata) in Zoroastrianism, whose great popularity reserved a place for him in Iranian Islam as the angel Surōš. In Avestan, the word occurs both as a noun and as a name. Its basic common meaning is “to hear and obey.”
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STAMPS
Cross-Reference
see PHILATELY.
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STANZAIC POETRY
Gabrielle van den Berg
Stanzaic verse forms have been part of the corpus of classical Persian poetry from the early stage onwards and have continued to play a role until modern times, alhough the quantity of stanzaic poetry in Persian literature is modest in comparison to other verse forms.
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STARK, FREYA Madeline
Malise Ruthven
British travel-writer. Her 1934 book The Valley of the Assassins and Other Persian Travels belongs to the canon of English travel literature.
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STATEIRA
Ernst Badian
a name attested for several royal women of the Achaemenid period: daughter of Hydarnes, wife of Codomannus, daughter of Darius III.
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STEEL INDUSTRY IN IRAN
Willem Floor
In 1927, plans were drawn up to establish smelting works in the north of the country to produce rail tracks domestically.
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STEIN, (Marc) Aurel
Susan Whitfield
(1862-1943), Sir, Hungarian–British archeologist and explorer, was born in Pest, Hungary and died in Kabul, Afghanistan.
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STERN, SAMUEL MIKLOS
Farhad Daftary
(1920-1969), a Hungarian-British orientalist and a leading scholar of modern Ismaʿili studies.
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STOREY, Charles Ambrose
Yuri Bregel
British orientalist, author of the bio-bibliographical survey of Persian literature (1888-1968).
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STROPHIC POETRY
Cross-Reference
See STANZAIC POETRY.
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STRUYS, JAN JANSZOON
Willem Floor
(1630-1694), Dutch sailor and sail maker, whose account of his various travels in Europe, Africa, and Asia, first published in 1676, has been translated into several languages.
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STUCCO DECORATION
Jens Kröger
IN IRANIAN ARCHITECTURE. This entry focuses on the Parthian and Sasanian periods and hints at the continuity in the Islamic period.
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STŪM
Firoze M. Kotwal and Jamsheed K. Choksy
Essentially a soliloquy of remembrance, the stūm ritual links living Zoroastrians to deceased coreligionists by reminding them that righteousness during life ensures salvation after death.
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SŪDGAR NASK and WARŠTMĀNSR NASK
Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina
the first and second of three commentaries on the Old Avesta, extant in a Pahlavi resume in book nine of the Dēnkard, the third being the Bag nask.
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SUGAR
Willem Floor
Cultivation, manufacturing, and processing in Iran. Sugar was already known in Sasanian Persia around 460 CE.
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SULEDEH
Habib Borjian
Caspian township and former sub-province in Māzandarān province, located half a mile off the Caspian shore on the river Suledeh, which rose in the hills of Lābij/Lāvij. Suledeh was on the western border of the coastal part of Nur district.
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ŠUR
Jean During
a modal system (dastgāh) in the traditional music in Iran.
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SŪR SAXWAN
Touraj Daryaee
(Banquet Speech), a Middle Persian text about a court banquet held in the Sasanian Empire.
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SUSA
Multiple Authors
a collection of articles about a major ancient city in Iran and one of the capital cities of the Achaemenids.
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SUSA i. EXCAVATIONS
Hermann Gasche
In 1836, Major Rawlinson visited the site briefly and discovered fragments of columns, as well as an inscription by a “king of Susra.” Layard stayed in Khuzestan between 1840 and 1842. He, too, was interested in the famous “black stone” of the Tomb of Daniel, which had already disappeared before Rawlinson’s visit.
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SUSA ii. HISTORY DURING THE ELAMITE PERIOD
François Vallat
This span of almost two thousand years has been divided into three clearly defined phases called paleo-, meso-, and neo-Elamite, each of which presents peculiarities of its own.
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SUSA iii. THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD
Remy Boucharlat
The history of Persia before Cyrus and at the beginning of his reign indicate that Persian elements were present in the plain not far from Susa in the first decades of the 6th century.
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SUSA iv. The Hellenistic and Parthian Periods
Laurianne Martinez-Sève
The town retained its importance under Alexander’s officers and successors, the Diadochs. It continued to house an extensive treasury and was a major prize in the wars they engaged in.
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SUSA v. THE SASANIAN PERIOD
G. Gropp
The satrap of Susa (Šuš) had been loyal to the Parthian king Artabanus V, and the city was forcibly conquered by Ardašir (qq.v.) in 224 after his victory over King Šād-Šāpur of Isfahan.
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Sušyānt
Cross-Reference
See SAOŠYANT.
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SUVASHUN
Masʿud Jaʿfari Jazi
The story is narrated through the eyes of Zari, a happily married woman whose behavior, as she struggles to protect her family, runs counter to that of the traditionally marginalized Persian woman. Other details are recounted through accounts of social visits and other encounters between Zari and her friends and relatives.
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SUYĀB
Gregory Semenov
now called Ak-Beshim, the site of an important city on the Silk Road, located 60 km to the east of the city of Bishkek in Kyrgyzstan.
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SWEDEN
Multiple Authors
i. Persian Art Collections, ii. Swedish Officers in Persia, 1911-15, iii. Swedish Archeological Mission to Iran, iv. Iranian Community
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SWEDEN i. PERSIAN ART COLLECTIONS
Karin Еdahl
Persian art collections in Sweden contain items from the prehistoric period (3600 BCE) to the 19th century. The first artifacts of possibly Iranian origin were brought by Vikings (or Rus), who traveled to the shores of the Caspian and there met with merchants from Iran.
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SWEDEN ii. SWEDISH OFFICERS IN PERSIA, 1911-15
Mohammad Fazlhashemi
In October 1910, increasing unrest in southern Persia led the British government to demand that the Persian central government restore order. The Persian government decided to create a highway gendarmerie with the aid of European instructors.