Table of Contents

• STEEL INDUSTRY IN IRAN

  Willem Floor

   In 1927, plans were drawn up to establish smelting works in the north of the country to produce rail tracks domestically.

• STEIN, (Marc) Aurel

  Susan Whitfield

  , Sir, Hungarian–British archeologist and explorer (b. Pest, Hungary, 26 November 1862; d. Kabul, 28 October 1943).

• STOREY, Charles Ambrose

  Yuri Bregel

  British orientalist, author of the bio-bibliographical survey of Persian literature (1888-1968).

• STUCCO DECORATION

  Jens Kröger

  IN IRANIAN ARCHITECTURE. This entry focuses on the Parthian and Sasanian periods and hints at the continuity in the Islamic period.

• STŪM

  Firoze M. Kotwal and Jamsheed K. Choksy

  “(ritual of) praise” in Zoroastrianism, in  serving as a means of commemorating the mortal soul (Av. uruuan-, MPers. ruwān, Pers. and Gujerati ravān) and the immortal spirit (Av. frauuaṣ̌i-, MPers. frawahr, Guj. farōhar) of each Zoroastrian.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• SŪDGAR NASK and WARŠTMĀNSR NASK

  Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina

  the first and second of three commentaries on the Old Avesta, extant in a Pahlavi resume in book nine of the Dēnkard, the third being the Bag nask.

• SUGAR

  Willem Floor

  Cultivation, manufacturing, and processing in Iran. Sugar was already known in Sasanian Persia around 460 CE.

• SUSA i. EXCAVATIONS

  Hermann Gasche

  The excavations of ancient Susa, whose ruins document more than 5,000 years of settlement, themselves have a long history.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• SUSA ii. HISTORY DURING THE ELAMITE PERIOD

  François Vallat

  This span of almost two thousand years has been divided into three clearly defined phases called paleo-, meso-, and neo-Elamite, each of which presents peculiarities of its own.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• SUSA iii. THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Remy Boucharlat

  The history of Persia before Cyrus and at the beginning of his reign indicate that Persian elements were present in the plain not far from Susa in the first decades of the 6th century.

• SUSA iv. THE SASANIAN PERIOD

  G. Gropp

  The satrap of Susa (Šuš) had been loyal to the Parthian king Artabanus V, and the city was forcibly conquered by Ardašir (qq.v.) in 224 after his victory over King Šād-Šāpur of Isfahan.

• SUVASHUN

  Masʿud Jaʿfari Jazi

  (Suvašun 1969, tr. M. R. Ghanoonparvar, Savushun, A Novel About Modern Iran, 1990; and Roxane Zand, A Persian Requiem, 1991), the most acclaimed novel of the prominent writer Simin Daneshvar.

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• SUYĀB

  Gregory Semenov

  now called Ak-Beshim, the site of an important city on the Silk Road, located 60 km to the east of the city of Bishkek in Kyrgyzstan.

• SWEDEN

  Multiple Authors

  i. Persian Art Collections, ii. Swedish Officers in Persia, 1911-15, iii. Swedish Archeological Mission to Iran, iv. Iranian Community

• SWEDEN i. PERSIAN ART COLLECTIONS

  Karin Еdahl

  Persian art collections in Sweden contain items from the prehistoric period (3600 BCE) to the 19th century. The first artifacts of possibly Iranian origin were brought by Vikings (or Rus), who traveled to the shores of the Caspian and there met with merchants from Iran. Notably a 9th-century glass beaker and two bronze jugs, finds from Viking burial sites, bear witness to these contacts.

• SWEDEN ii. SWEDISH OFFICERS IN PERSIA, 1911-15

  Mohammad Fazlhashemi

  In October 1910, increasing unrest in southern Persia led the British government to demand that the Persian central government restore order. The Persian government decided to create a highway gendarmerie with the aid of European instructors.

• SWEDEN iii. SWEDISH ARCHEOLOGICAL MISSIONS TO IRAN

  Carl Nylander

  This article provides an overview of Swedish archeological missions to Iran from the beginning of contact between Swedish and Persian culture in the 17th century to present times.

• SWEDEN iv. Iranian Community

  Hassan Hosseini-Kaladjahi and Melissa Kelly

  formation of the Iranian community (immigration), demographic profile and geographic distribution, economic, social, cultural and political life, and finally, return to Iran or emigration to other countries.

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• SYKES, Ella Constance

  Denis Wright

  (1863-1939), traveler and writer about Iran, sister of Percy M. Sykes.

• SYKES, Percy Molesworth

  Denis Wright

  , Sir (1867-1945), soldier, diplomat, traveler, and writer who wrote extensively on Iran. 

• SYNGUÉ SABUR: PIERRE DE PATIENCE

  FARANGUIS HABIBI

  novella in French by Atiq Rahimi (ʿAtiq Raḥimi; b. Kabul, 1962), the Afghan writer and director.

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• SYRIAC LANGUAGE i. IRANIAN LOANWORDS IN SYRIAC

  Claudia A. Ciancaglini

  Syriac, originally the eastern Aramaic dialect of the city of Edessa, became the most important language spoken and written by Christian communities during the Sasanian era from Egypt and Asia Minor to Syria, Iran, and Mesopotamia.

• SYRIAC LANGUAGE ii. SYRIAC WRITINGS ON PRE-ISLAMIC IRAN

  Phillipe Gignoux

  The Syriac works which provide information about pre-Islamic Iran can be divided into several groups, excluding literary works as such.