Table of Contents

• IRAN AND THE CAUCASUS

  Victoria Arakelova

  the annual international academic journal of the Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies, Yerevan (CCIS), founded in 1997.

• IRAN LEAGUE

  Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa

  organization established in 1922 by prominent Parsis with the aim of reviving and strengthening cultural and other ties between the Parsis of India and Iran.

• IRAN NAMEH

  Abbas Milani

  the oldest post-Islamic Revolution scholarly journal published since 1982 by the Iranian Diaspora.

• IRAN NATIONAL COMPANY

  Parviz Alizadeh

  established in August 1962, the single pioneer of the automotive industry in Iran, assembling and manufacturing various motor vehicles and their spare parts.

• IRĀN newspapers

  Nassereddin Parvin

  title of five newspapers, of which four were published in Persia and one in Baghdad, Iraq.

• IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIRS

  Malcolm Byrne

  the linkage in the mid-1980s of two separate and distinct U.S. covert operations in Iran and Central America.

• IRĀN-E JAVĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  weekly paper published in Tehran from 5 Esfand 1305 to 28 Bahman 1306 Š. (25 February 1926-17 February 1927) as the organ of an association with the same name (Anjomān-e Irān-e javān).

• IRĀN-E JAVĀN, ANJOMAN-E

  Jamšid Behnām

  (The society of young Iran), a society founded in January 1921 by a number of young intellectuals who had received their higher education in Europe.

• IRAN-E KABIR

  Nassereddin Parvin

  periodical published in the city of Rašt by the political activist Grigor Yaqikiān, 1929-30.

• IRĀN-E MĀ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  a political newspaper published in Tehran, 1943-60, with long interruptions. It was an influential liberal paper with nationalistic orientations.

• IRĀN-E NOW

  Nassereddin Parvin

  title of two political newspapers published in Tehran during the second and third decades of the 20th century.

• IRAN-IRAQ WAR

  cross-reference

  See IRAQ vii.

• IRAN-NAMEH

  Vahe Boyajian

  journal of Oriental studies, founded in Yerevan, Armenia, in May 1993 as a scholarly monthly publication in the Armenian language.

• IRAN. JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH INSTITUTE OF PERSIAN STUDIES

  C. Edmund Bosworth and Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis

  The British Institute of Persian Studies (BIPS) was inaugurated in December 1961 in the wake of Queen Elizabeth II’s official visit to Iran in March of that year.

• IRĀN/LA REVUE IRAN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  the first philatelic magazine ever published in Persia; it was published from Mehr 1302 to Bahman 1311 Š. (September 1923-February 1933) as the organ of Kolub-e bayn-al-melali-e Irān, a society founded by Naṣr-Allāh Falsafi (q.

• IRANI, DINSHAH JIJIBHOY

  Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa

  Parsi lawyer and scholar (1881-1938). He served the Parsi community in many capacities. He was one of the founders of the Parsi Statistical Bureau, gave thrust to the move for the increase of housing accommodation for poor Parsis of Bombay, and was an ardent supporter of the Fasli (Faṣli) movement for revision of the Parsi calendar.

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• IRANIAN IDENTITY

  Multiple Authors

  collective feeling by Iranian peoples of belonging to the historic lands of Iran. This sense of identity, defined both historically and territorially, evolved from a common historical experience and cultural tradition.

• IRANIAN IDENTITY i. PERSPECTIVES

  Ahmad Ashraf

  Perspectives on Iranian identity have been influenced by competing views on the origins of nations.

• IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Gherardo Gnoli

  The idea of Iran as a religious, cultural, and ethnic reality goes back as far as the end of the 6th century BCE.

• IRANIAN IDENTITY iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Ahmad Ashraf

  following the cultural shock and the crisis of identity that occurred in the first century after the fall of the Sasanids, the urban literati of Persian origin began to reconstruct the cultural idea of Iran within the Islamic society.

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• IRANIAN IDENTITY iv. 19TH-20TH CENTURIES

  Ahmad Ashraf

  Comparative historians of nationalism acknowledge that Iran was among the few nations that experienced the era of nationalism with a deep historical root and experience of recurrent construction of its own pre-modern identity.

• IRANIAN IDENTITY v. POST-REVOLUTIONARY ERA

  Cross-Reference

  Iranian identity during the post-revolutionary era will be discussed in a future online entry.

• IRANIAN STUDIES

  Cross-Reference

  See under the names of individual countries and universities.

• IRANIAN STUDIES, SOCIETY FOR

  Cross-Reference

  See SOCIETY FOR IRANIAN STUDIES.

• IRĀNŠĀH

  Mary Boyce and Firoze Kotwal

  term now used by the Parsis as the name of their oldest sacred fire, the Ātaš Bahrām established originally at Sanjān and now installed at Udwada, both in Gujarat.

• IRĀNŠĀH, BAHĀʾ-AL-DAWLA

  cross-reference

  See SALJUQS OF KERMAN.

• IRĀNŠAHR (1)

  cross-reference

  See ĒRĀN, ĒRĀNŠAHR.

• IRĀNŠAHR (2)

  EIr

  city, formerly Fahraj, and sub-province (šahrestān) in the province of Sistān and Baluchistan.

• IRĀNŠAHR (3)

  Manouchehr Kasheff

  an encyclopedic collection of articles published under the auspices of the UNESCO National Commission in Iran. The ambitious idea, as presented in the preface of the first volume, was to produce a highly reliable condensed, but comprehensive, sourcebook covering every aspect of the history, culture, and civilization of Iran from ancient times to 1960.

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• IRĀNŠAHR (4)

  Jamshid Behnam

  monthly Persian journal, published in forty-eight issues in Berlin by Ḥosayn Kāẓemzāda Irānšahr,  June 1922 to February 1927. Two principal tendencies can be distinguished in these articles:  a strong interest in ancient Persia and its language and culture, and belief in the potency of a nationalistic spirit.

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• IRĀNŠAHR, ḤOSAYN KĀẒEMZĀDA

  Jamshid Behnam

  (1884-1962), ardent Iranian nationalist active during the First World War, prolific author on political, religious, and educational subjects, and publisher of the journal Irānšahr 1922-27; he resided in Berlin 1917-36, in Switzerland thereafter.

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• IRĀNŠAHRI

  Daryoush Kargar and EIr

  , ABU’L-ʿABBĀS MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad (fl. 2nd half 9th cent.), mathematician, natural scientist, historian of religion, astronomer, philosopher, and author.

• IRĀNŠĀN B. ABI’L-ḴAYR

  cross-reference

  See KUŠ-NĀMA.

• IRANSHENASI

  Abbas Milani

  a journal of Iranian studies, began publication under the editorship of Jalāl Matini and with the help of generous Iranians who have been willing to subsidize it since the spring of 1989, when its first issue was published.

• IRANZAMIN, TEHRAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

  J. Richard Irvine

  (Irānzamin, Madrasa-ye Baynalmelali-e Tehrān), a combined Iranian and American international school founded in 1967.

• IRAQ

  Multiple Authors

  the southern part of Mesopotamia, known in the early Islamic period as del-e Irānšahr (lit. “the heart of the kingdom of Iran”), served as the central province of the Sasanian empire as well as that of the ʿAbbasid caliphate.

• IRAQ i. IN THE LATE SASANID AND EARLY ISLAMIC ERAS

  Michael Morony

  The late Sasanid era. The late Sasanid winter capital was located at the urban complex on the Tigris river called “the cities” (al-Madāʾen) by the Arabs that included Ctesiphon, Aspānpur, Veh-Antioḵ-e Ḵosrow, and Veh-Ardašir.

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• IRAQ ii - iii. FROM THE MONGOLS TO THE SAFAVIDS

  ʿAbbās Zaryāb

  The Mongol capture of Baghdad in 1258 came at a time when Persian influence was on the rise but the city as a whole in decline.

• IRAQ iv. RELATIONS IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD

  Rudi Matthee

  Iraq was frequently the scene and the object of the intermittent wars the Ottomans and the Safavids fought in the 16th and early 17nth century.

• IRAQ v. AFSHARIDS TO THE END OF THE QAJARS

  Ernest Tucker

  The collapse of the Safavid dynasty in the 1720s ushered in a new round of conflict in Iraq that would continue through the first half of the 18th century.

• IRAQ vi. PAHLAVI PERIOD, 1921-79

  Mohsen M. Milani

  Relations between Iran and Iraq underwent three different phases between 1921, when Britain installed Faysal Ibn Hossein as king of a newly formed nation-state of Iraq and 1979, when the Pahlavi dynasty was swept away by revolution.

• IRAQ vii. IRAN-IRAQ WAR

  Saskia M. Gieling

  The war between Iran and Iraq commenced with the Iraqi invasion of Iran on 22 September 1980, and ended with the bilateral acceptance of the UN Security Council Resolution 598 on 20 July 1988.

• IRAQ viii. THE SHIʿITE SHRINE CITIES OF IRAQ

  cross-reference

  See ʿATABĀT.

• IRAQ ix. IRANIAN COMMUNITY IN IRAQ

  cross-reference

  See DIASPORA vi.

• IRAQ x. SHIʿITES OF IRAQ

  Meir Litvak

  Iraq was the cradle of Shiʿism, where it evolved as a political and religious movement, yet, Shiʿites became a majority there only during the 19th century.

• IRAQ xi. SHIʿITE SEMINARIES

  Meir Litvak

  The communities of learning in the shrine cities of Najaf and Karbalā emerged as the most important centers of Twelver Shiʿite learning during the 19th century.

• IRAQ xii. PERSIAN SCHOOLS IN IRAQ

  Eqbal Yaghmaʾi

  At the time of the 1905-11 Constitutional Revolution in Persia, local committees in Iraq created Persian-language schools with the backing of the leading, progressive religious scholars.

• IRAQ xiii. PERSIAN NEWSPAPERS IN IRAQ: 1909-22

  Nassereddin Parvin

  The publication of Persian-language newspapers in Iraq began with the implementation of the 1909 Ottoman Constitutional Law.

• IRON AGE

  Oscar White Muscarella

  In Iran the term Iron Age is employed to identify a cultural change that occurred centuries earlier than the time accorded its use elsewhere in the Near East, and not to acknowledge the introduction of a new metal technology.

• IRON IN EASTERN IRAN

  B. A. Litvinsky

  Ancient iron objects in Central Asia were found for the first time at the southern mound of Anau (Turkmenistan) in 1904; these should be dated to the 9th-8th centuries BCE.