Table of Contents

• INDIA xiii. INDO-IRANIAN COMMERCIAL RELATIONS

  Scott C. Levi

  Since antiquity merchants have used both caravan and maritime routes to transport commodities between India and Persia.

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• INDIA xiv. Persian Literature in India

  Mario Casari

  The amount of Persian literature composed in the Indian subcontinent up to the 19th century is larger than that produced in Iran proper during the same period.

• INDIA xv. Persian Correspondence Literature

  cross-reference

  See CORRESPONDENCE iv.

• INDIA xvi. INDO-PERSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

  Stephen F. Dale

  Historical works in Persian began to appear in India in the era of the Delhi Sultanate during the late 13th to 14th centuries.

• INDIA xvii. PERSIAN PRESS IN

  cross-reference

  See INDIA viii and INDIA ix. See also CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION vi and ḤABL AL-MATIN.

• INDIA xviii. PERSIAN ELEMENTS IN INDIAN LANGUAGES

  Christopher Shackle

  Some Persian elements are present in most of the modern languages of the subcontinent of South Asia, as a consequence of the prolonged cultivation of Persian associated with pre-modern Indo-Muslim culture.

• INDIA xix. INDIAN LITERARY INFLUENCES ON PERSIAN LITERATURE

  Cross-Reference

  Iranian-Indian literary influences on Persian literature will be discussed in a future online entry.

• INDIA xx. PERSIAN INFLUENCES ON INDIAN PAINTING

  Barbara Schmitz

  Between about 1300 and 1600, Persian painting styles had a sustained impact on the Indian art at the Sultanate and Mughal courts as well as on Hindu painting styles. The earliest dated manuscripts from the subcontinent that rely on Persian models for some of their motifs are from the late 14th century.

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• INDIA xxi. INDIAN INFLUENCES ON PERSIAN PAINTING

  Barbara Schmitz

  During the 17th century, the flow of artistic influences between Persia and India reversed. Paintings and drawings in the developed Mughal style of the first quarter of the century were imported to the courts and bazaars of Isfahan.

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• INDIA xxii. PERSIAN INFLUENCE ON INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

  cross-reference

  See DECCAN ii; DELHI SULTANATE ii; GARDEN iii; HYDERABAD ii.

• INDIA xxiii. INDIAN INFLUENCE ON PERSIAN CINEMA

  cross-reference

  See x, above.

• INDIA xxiv. PERSIAN CALLIGRAPHY IN

  Cross-Reference

  Forthcoming.

• INDIA xxv. MUTUAL MYSTICAL INFLUENCES

  cross-reference

  See under SUFISM.

• INDIA xxvi. MUTUAL MUSICAL INFLUENCES

  cross-reference

    See under MUSIC.

• INDIA xxvii. MUTUAL SCIENTIFIC INFLUENCES

  cross-reference

  See under SCIENCE.

• INDIA xxviii. IRANIAN IMMIGRANTS IN INDIA

  Masashi Haneda

  Although emigration from the Iranian plateau to the Indian subcontinent is not a phenomenon specific to any particular period, the trend does seem to have grown after the foundation of Muslim governments on the subcontinent.

• INDIA xxix. SHIʿITE COMMUNITIES IN

  Cross-Reference

  See CONVERSION iii. TO IMAMI SHI'ISM IN INDIA.

• INDIA xxx. INDIAN MERCHANTS IN CENTRAL ASIA AND IRAN

  Scott C. Levi

  The Indian merchant diaspora in Central Asia and Persia emerged in the mid-16th century and remained active for over four centuries.

• INDIA xxxi. INDIAN MERCHANTS IN 19TH-CENTURY AFGHANISTAN

  Shah Mahmoud Hanifi

  Indian communities in Afghanistan performed an array of commercial functions in both the private and state sectors that served to integrate the Afghan economy and link it to surrounding markets in Central and South Asia.

• INDIA xxxii. PARSI COMMUNITIES

  Cross-Reference

   See PARSI COMMUNITIES i. and PARSI COMMUNITIES ii.

• INDIA xxxiii. INDO-MUSLIM PHYSICIANS

  Fabrizio Speziale

  Medicine constitutes the scientific field on which the largest corpus of works has been composed in Muslim India.

• INDIAN OCEAN

  D. T. Potts

  This entry will deal with the role of Indian Ocean in international trade in the following periods:

  i. Pre-Islamic period. ii. Islamic Period. See Supplement.

• INDIGO

  Carol Bier

  (Pers. nil), the common name of a broad genus, Indigofera, with numerous species. Many tribal groups in Persia have relied on the use of indigo to achieve a stable blue color for the wool of carpets and kilims.

• INDO-EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH COMPANY

  Michael Rubin

  (IETC), a telegraph company that controlled telegraph wires between Tehran and the Russian border and onward through Russia and Germany to London.

• INDO-EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT

  Michael Rubin

  (IETD), a branch of the British Government of India, based in London, which managed a series of telegraph lines in Iran.

• INDO-GREEK DYNASTY

  Osmund Bopearachchi

  Greco-Bactrian kings who ruled over the region south of the Hindu Kush in the second and first century B.C.E.

• INDO-IRANIAN FRONTIER LANGUAGES

  Elena Bashir

  This article surveys Indo-Iranian frontier languages the territory of present-day Pakistan, which have been under the cultural and linguistic influence of successive stages of the Persian language since the time of the Achaemenid Empire.

• INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES

  cross-reference

  See IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS.

• INDO-IRANIAN RELIGION

  Gherardo Gnoli

  Indo-Iranian comparative studies enable us to distinguish a fund of religious concepts, beliefs, and practices that are common to ancient Iran and ancient India.

• INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTY

  Christine Fröhlich

  rulers over a large part of northwestern India from Seistan (portions of the present-day border provinces of that name of Iran and of Afghanistan) to Sindh on the Indus river at the beginning of the 1st century C.E.

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• INDO-SCYTHIAN DYNASTY

  R. C. Senior

  from Maues, the first (Indo-)Scythian king of India (ca. 120-85 BCE) to the mid-1st century CE. When precisely and under what circumstances Maues arrived in India is uncertain, but the expulsion of the Scythian (Saka/Sai) peoples from Central Asia is referred to in the Han Shu, where the cause given is their confrontation with the Ta Yüeh-chih, themselves undergoing an enforced migration.

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• INDRA

  W. W. Malandra

  the name of a minor demon (daēwa) in the Avesta, In sharp contrast to the Indra of the Ṛgveda [RV], the most celebrated god (devá) of the Vedic pantheon.

• INDUS RIVER

  cross-reference

  See INDIA ii.

• INDUSTRIALIZATION

  Hassan Hakimian, M. Karshenas and H. Hakimian, Parvin Alizadeh

  : the foundation and development of modern industries in 20th-century Iran. Although generally characterized as an oil economy, Iran has a relatively rich history of industrialization going back to the early 20th century.

• INDUSTRIALIZATION i. THE REZA SHAH PERIOD AND ITS AFTERMATH, 1925-53

  Hassan Hakimian

  Prior to the 1920s, traditional crafts dominated the industrial scene in Iran; and, despite a growing interest in industrial modernization after the 1870s, the role of industry remained very limited.

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• INDUSTRIALIZATION ii. THE MOHAMMAD REZA SHAH PERIOD, 1953-79

  M. Karshenas and H. Hakimian

  After the 1953 coup and the resumption of concessionary oil agreements in 1954, revenues from the oil sector grew at an unprecedented pace.

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• INDUSTRIALIZATION iii. THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD, 1979-2000

  Parvin Alizadeh

  The first phase spans the 1980s covering the period from the 1979 Revolution to the end of the 1980s (including the war with Iraq during 1980-88).

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• INDUSTRY, TRADITIONAL

  cross-reference

  See CRAFTS.

• INFLUENZA

  A. A. Afkhami

  In Persia, the first established evidence of influenza’s visitation dates back to the summer of 1833, when it erupted with great virulence in Tehran.

• INHERITANCE

  Multiple Authors

  i. Sasanian period. ii. Islamic period.

• INHERITANCE i. SASANIAN PERIOD

  Maria Macuch

  Our main source on jurisprudence during the Sasanian period is the Lawbook Hazār dādestān “One Thousand Judgements” of the 7th century.

• INHERITANCE ii. ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Agostino Cilardo

  In the pre-Islamic period, the Arab family was socially and politically composed of males (ʿaṣaba), namely those who were able to fight and defend the common property.

• INJU

  Cross-Reference

  See ḴĀLEṢA.

• INJU DYNASTY

  John Limbert

  (ca. 1325-53), one of the minor dynasties that controlled Persia following the collapse of the Il-Khanid state.

• INOSTRANTSEV, KONSTANTIN ALEXANDROVICH

  Aliy I. Kolesnikov

  (1876-1941), Russian orientalist and historian of culture, best known abroad as the author of Sasanidskie et’udy (Etudes sassanides).

• INSCRIPTIONS

  cross-reference

  See EPIGRAPHY.

• INSECTIVORES

  Steven C. Anderson

  members of the mammalian order, small animals with several conservative anatomical characteristics. They retain five digits on all limbs and walk or run with soles and heels on the ground (plantigrade). Three families are represented in Persia and Afghanistan: hedgehogs, family Erinaceidae; moles, family Talpidae; and shrews, family Soricidae.

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• INSECTS

  Steven C. Anderson

  The insects of Persia and Afghanistan belong to the Palearctic fauna, although in the eastern and southeastern parts of the region there are representatives of the Oriental fauna characteristic of the Indian subcontinent.

• INSTITUT PASTEUR

  Amir A. Afkhami

  the institute for bacteriology and vaccination founded by the Persian government in 1921 as a branch of Institut Pasteur of Paris. The idea of establishing an institute for microbiological research and immunology in Iran was conceived in the aftermath of the 1918-19 influenza pandemic in Persia which killed hundreds of thousands of the country’s approximately ten million population.

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• INSTITUTE FOR IRANIAN PHILOLOGY

  Claus V. Pedersen

  (INSTITUT FOR IRANSK FILOLOGI), University of Copenhagen. i. Forerunners. ii. History. Although the Institute was founded only in 1961, it has a long prehistory, since it is the natural culmination of about 200 years of Iranian studies in the Kingdom of Denmark.