Table of Contents
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INDIA x. RELATIONS: PAHLAVI PERIOD
Cross-Reference
Iranian-Indian relations during the Pahlavi period will be discussed in a future online entry.
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INDIA xi. RELATIONS: ISLAMIC REPUBLIC
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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INDIA xii. ISLAMIC DYNASTIES OF
Cross-Reference
See under individual dynasties.
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INDIA xiii. INDO-IRANIAN COMMERCIAL RELATIONS
Scott C. Levi
Indo-Persian commercial relations were mediated by merchants originating from India, Persia, Afghanistan, and later Europe. Ethnic minority groups, such as Armenians and Jews, also played an important role in Persia’s international commercial relations.
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INDIA xiv. Persian Literature
Mario Casari
The amount of Persian literature composed in the Indian subcontinent up to the 19th century is larger than that produced in Iran proper during the same period.
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INDIA xv. Persian Correspondence Literature
cross-reference
See CORRESPONDENCE iv.
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INDIA xvi. INDO-PERSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY
Stephen F. Dale
Historical works in Persian began to appear in India in the era of the Delhi Sultanate during the late 13th to 14th centuries.
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INDIA xvii. PERSIAN PRESS IN
cross-reference
See INDIA viii and INDIA ix. See also CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION vi and ḤABL AL-MATIN.
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INDIA xviii. PERSIAN ELEMENTS IN INDIAN LANGUAGES
Christopher Shackle
Some Persian elements are present in most of the modern languages of the subcontinent of South Asia, as a consequence of the prolonged cultivation of Persian associated with pre-modern Indo-Muslim culture.
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INDIA xix. INDIAN LITERARY INFLUENCES ON PERSIAN LITERATURE
Cross-Reference
Iranian-Indian literary influences on Persian literature will be discussed in a future online entry.
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INDIA xx. PERSIAN INFLUENCES ON INDIAN PAINTING
Barbara Schmitz
Between about 1300 and 1600, Persian painting styles had a sustained impact on the Indian art at the Sultanate and Mughal courts as well as on Hindu painting styles.
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INDIA xxi. INDIAN INFLUENCES ON PERSIAN PAINTING
Barbara Schmitz
During the 17th century, the flow of artistic influences between Persia and India reversed. Paintings and drawings in the developed Mughal style of the first quarter of the century were imported to the courts and bazaars of Isfahan.
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INDIA xxii. PERSIAN INFLUENCE ON INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
cross-reference
See DECCAN ii; DELHI SULTANATE ii; GARDEN iii; HYDERABAD ii.
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INDIA xxiii. INDIAN INFLUENCE ON PERSIAN CINEMA
cross-reference
See x, above.
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INDIA xxiv. PERSIAN CALLIGRAPHY IN
Cross-Reference
Forthcoming.
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INDIA xxv. MUTUAL MYSTICAL INFLUENCES
cross-reference
See under SUFISM.
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INDIA xxvi. MUTUAL MUSICAL INFLUENCES
cross-reference
See under MUSIC.
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INDIA xxvii. MUTUAL SCIENTIFIC INFLUENCES
cross-reference
See under SCIENCE.
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INDIA xxviii. IRANIAN IMMIGRANTS IN INDIA
Masashi Haneda
Although emigration from the Iranian plateau to the Indian subcontinent is not a phenomenon specific to any particular period, the trend does seem to have grown after the foundation of Muslim governments on the subcontinent.
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INDIA xxix. SHIʿITE COMMUNITIES IN
Cross-Reference
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INDIA xxx. INDIAN MERCHANTS IN CENTRAL ASIA AND IRAN
Scott C. Levi
The Indian merchant diaspora in Central Asia and Persia emerged in the mid-16th century and remained active for over four centuries.
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INDIA xxxi. INDIAN MERCHANTS IN 19TH-CENTURY AFGHANISTAN
Shah Mahmoud Hanifi
Indian communities in Afghanistan performed an array of commercial functions in both the private and state sectors that served to integrate the Afghan economy and link it to surrounding markets in Central and South Asia.
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INDIA xxxii. PARSI COMMUNITIES
Cross-Reference
See PARSI COMMUNITIES i. and PARSI COMMUNITIES ii.
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INDIA xxxiii. INDO-MUSLIM PHYSICIANS
Fabrizio Speziale
Medicine constitutes the scientific field on which the largest corpus of works has been composed in Muslim India.
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INDIAN OCEAN
D. T. Potts
This entry will deal with the role of Indian Ocean in international trade in the following periods:
i. Pre-Islamic period. ii. Islamic Period. See Supplement.
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INDIGO
Carol Bier
(Pers. nil), the common name of a broad genus, Indigofera, with numerous species. Many tribal groups in Persia have relied on the use of indigo to achieve a stable blue color for the wool of carpets and kilims.
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INDO-EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH COMPANY
Michael Rubin
(IETC), a telegraph company that controlled telegraph wires between Tehran and the Russian border and onward through Russia and Germany to London.
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INDO-EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT
Michael Rubin
(IETD), a branch of the British Government of India, based in London, which managed a series of telegraph lines in Iran.
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INDO-GREEK DYNASTY
Osmund Bopearachchi
Greco-Bactrian kings who ruled over the region south of the Hindu Kush in the second and first century B.C.E.
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INDO-IRANIAN FRONTIER LANGUAGES
Elena Bashir
This article surveys Indo-Iranian frontier languages the territory of present-day Pakistan, which have been under the cultural and linguistic influence of successive stages of the Persian language since the time of the Achaemenid Empire.
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INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES
cross-reference
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INDO-IRANIAN RELIGION
Gherardo Gnoli
Indo-Iranian comparative studies enable us to distinguish a fund of religious concepts, beliefs, and practices that are common to ancient Iran and ancient India.
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INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTY
Christine Fröhlich
While maritime disturbances were known to have driven merchants to use the caravan routes, during the periods of Mughal-Safavid rivalry over Kandahar merchants would temporarily favor the more predictable maritime routes.
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INDO-PERSIAN LITERATURE
Cross-Reference
For Indo-Persian poetry and other literature, see INDIA xiv. Persian Literature.
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INDO-SCYTHIAN DYNASTY
R. C. Senior
from Maues, the first (Indo-)Scythian king of India (ca. 120-85 BCE) to the mid-1st century CE. When precisely Maues arrived in India is uncertain, but the expulsion of the Scythian (Saka/Sai) peoples from Central Asia is referred to in the Han Shu.
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INDRA
W. W. Malandra
the name of a minor demon (daēwa) in the Avesta, In sharp contrast to the Indra of the Ṛgveda [RV], the most celebrated god (devá) of the Vedic pantheon.
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INDUS RIVER
cross-reference
See INDIA ii.
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INDUSTRIALIZATION
Multiple Authors
: the foundation and development of modern industries in 20th-century Iran. Although generally characterized as an oil economy, Iran has a relatively rich history of industrialization going back to the early 20th century.
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INDUSTRIALIZATION i. The Reza Shah Period And Its Aftermath, 1925-53
Hassan Hakimian
Archaic and underdeveloped infrastructure as well as a low level of human resources were limiting factors; however, changes after the 1920s, paved the way for the emergence of Iran’s nascent industrial sector from the 1930s onwards.
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INDUSTRIALIZATION ii. The Mohammad Reza Shah Period, 1953-79
M. Karshenas and H. Hakimian
Public sector investment in this period started from a very slender base but soon witnessed an annual growth rate of 25 percent in real terms; more than 68 percent of government investment went into economic infrastructure.
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INDUSTRIALIZATION iii. The Post-Revolutionary Period, 1979-2000
Parvin Alizadeh
Available evidence indicates that the share of the manufacturing sector in the economy declined after the Revolution; it was around 19-20 percent of non-oil GDP by 1977 but dropped to about 15 percent by 1990.
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INDUSTRY, TRADITIONAL
cross-reference
See CRAFTS.
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INFLUENZA
A. A. Afkhami
In Persia, the first established evidence of influenza’s visitation dates back to the summer of 1833, when it erupted with great virulence in Tehran.
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INHERITANCE
Multiple Authors
i. Sasanian period. ii. Islamic period.
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INHERITANCE i. SASANIAN PERIOD
Maria Macuch
Our main source on jurisprudence during the Sasanian period is the Lawbook Hazār dādestān “One Thousand Judgements” of the 7th century.
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INHERITANCE ii. ISLAMIC PERIOD
Agostino Cilardo
In the pre-Islamic period, the Arab family was socially and politically composed of males (ʿaṣaba), namely those who were able to fight and defend the common property.
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INJU
Cross-Reference
See ḴĀLEṢA.
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INJU DYNASTY
John Limbert
(ca. 1325-53), one of the minor dynasties that controlled Persia following the collapse of the Il-Khanid state.
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INOSTRANTSEV, KONSTANTIN ALEXANDROVICH
Aliy I. Kolesnikov
(1876-1941), Russian orientalist and historian of culture, best known abroad as the author of Sasanidskie et’udy (Etudes sassanides).
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INSCRIPTIONS
cross-reference
See EPIGRAPHY.