Table of Contents

  • IL-KHANIDS iii. Book Illustration

    Stefano Carboni

    The Il-khanid period (ca. 1260-ca. 1335) is no doubt the historical moment during which the art of painting, in particular in illustrated manuscripts, witnessed a dramatic increase in number, subject matter, artistic output, and patronage. The late 13th century and especially the first quarter of the 14th can be regarded as perhaps the most important formative period in the history of Persian painting, an epoch of great changes.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • IL-KHANIDS iv. Ceramics

    Peter Morgan

    This entry deals with glazed wares and tiles of the so-called “Sultanabad” (Solṭānābād) group, lajvardina (< Pers. lājvard “lapis lazuli”) wares, and luster wares produced in the Il-khanid period. The period extends from the fall of Baghdad in 1258 to the last dated luster tiles made in 1339.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • ILAK-KHANIDS

    Michal Biran

    (or Qara-khanids), the first Muslim Turkic dynasty that ruled in Central Asia from the Tarim basin to the Oxus river, from the mid-late 10th century until the beginning of the 13th.

  • ILĀM

    Multiple Author

    a province, sub-province, and town in western Iran.

  • ILĀM i. GEOGRAPHY

    M. Rezazadeh Shafarudi

    Until the mid-1930s Ilam was known as the Poštkuh of Lorestān as opposed to the Piškuh of Lorestān, which was located in the eastern part of the region. Since the Ṣafavid era Lorestān had been administered under the wālis (governors-general), who came from the chieftains of Lor-e Kuček tribes.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • ILĀM ii. History

    Cross-Reference

    See LORESTĀN ii.

  • ILĀM iii. POPULATION

    Habibollah Zanjani

    According to the first national census of 1956, the present province (ostān) of Ilām used to be a sub-province (šahrestān) of the province of Kermānšāhān.

  • ILĀQ

    Boris A. Litvinsky

    medieval name of an area in what is now Uzbekistan, to the south of Tashkent along the middle reaches of the Syr Darya (Jaxartes) river.

  • ILĀQI, SAYYED ŠARAF-AL-ZAMĀN

    Lutz Richter-Bernburg

    follower of Avicenna and author in medicine, science, and philosophy (d. 1141).

  • ILBĀRS KHAN

    Yuri Bregel

    name of two rulers of Ḵᵛārazm in the 16th and 18th centuries: (1) Ilbārs Khan b. Buräkä (or Bürgä), from the ʿArab-šāhi (q.v.) branch of the Jochids, was the founder of the dynasty which ruled Ḵᵛārazm from 1511 to the end of the 17th century.

  • ILČI

    cross-reference

    See ELČI.

  • ILDEGOZIDS

    cross-reference

    See ATĀBAKĀN-E ĀḎARBĀYJĀN.

  • ILEDONG

    Mauro Maggi

    site in Central Asia of uncertain location, source of a number of Khotanese fragments.

  • ILLUMINATIONISM

    Hossein Ziai

    or Illuminationist philosophy, first introduced in the 12th century as a complete, reconstructed system distinct both from the Peripatetic philosophy  of Avicenna and from theological philosophy.

  • IMĀMIYA

    Cross-reference

    In history and theology, see: SHIʿITE DOCTRINE. In the clergy, see: SHIʿITE DOCTRINE ii. Hierarchy in the Imamiyya. See also: ISMAʿILISM xvii. The imamate in Ismaʿilism.

  • IMAMS IN TWELVER SHIʿA ISLAM

    Cross-Reference

    1st Imam:  see ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB

    2nd Imam: see ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB.

    3rd Imam: see ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB.

    4th Imam: see ʿALI B. AL-ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB.

    5th Imam: Moḥammad al-Bāqer (forthcoming).

    6th Imam: see JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ

    7th Imam: Musā al-Kāẓem (forthcoming).

    8th Imam: see ʿALI AL-REŻĀ.

    9th Imam: Mohammad al-Taqiy (forthcoming).

    10th Imam: see ʿALI AL-HĀDI.

    11th Imam: see ʿASKARI, ABU MOḤAMMAD ḤASAN B. ʿALI.

    12th Imam: see MAHDI.

  • IMMORTALS

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    (Gk. athánatoi), name of a corps of 10,000 Persian élite infantry soldiers in Herodotus, in connection with Xerxes’ campaign against Greece in 480–479 BCE.

  • INĀLU

    cross-reference

    See ḴAMSA.

  • ÏNĀNČ ḴĀTUN

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    wife of the Atābeg Jahān-Pahlavān Moḥammad (r. 1175-86), the Eldigüzid (or Ildegizid) ruler in Arrān, most of Azerbaijan, and then Jebāl.

  • INCEST AND INBREEDING

    Geert Jan Van Gelder

    Incest and inbreeding are two different but related aspects of marriage and human reproduction.