Table of Contents

• HORMUZ ii. ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Willem Floor

  Hormuz fell to the Arabs in 650-51. In the 10th century, the town of Hormuz was the chief port for Kermān and Sistān, although the main Persian Gulf port was Jannāba. It was known for its cultivation of a variety of millet (ḏorra), indigo, cumin, and sugarcane.

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• HORN, PAUL

  Erich Kettenhofen

  German philologist and specialist in Iranian and Turkish languages (1863-1908).

• HOROSCOPE

  David Pingree

  the horoscopic diagram or theme which depicts the positions of the planets in the zodiacal signs and of the zodiacal signs relative to the local horizon at a given time. 

• ḤORR-E ʿĀMELI

  Meir M. Bar Asher

  (1624-1693), one of the outstanding Twelver Shiʿite Hadith scholars of the Aḵbāri school and a prolific author.

• ḤORR-E RIĀḤI

  Jean Calmard

  a leading tribesman in Kufa, who intercepted Ḥosayn b. ʿAli and his party and led them to Karbalā, but later repented and fought and died (10 October 680) there on Ḥosayn’s side.

• HORSE

  cross-reference

  See ASB.

• HORSE RACING

  Azartash Azarnoush

  The history of horse racing in Iran can be traced back to the Achaemenid period. Xenophon refers to a race set up by Cyrus II.

• HORSESHOES

  Wolfram Kleiss

  (naʿl), iron protectors for the hooves of pack animals and mounts. In Persia, as in southern Europe, both horses and donkeys are shod.

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• HORUFISM

  Hamid Algar

  a body of antinomian and incarnationist doctrines evolved by Fażl-Allāh Astarābādi (d. 1394), known to his followers also as Fażl-e Yazdān (“the generosity of God”). Its principal features were elaborate numerological interpretations of the letters of the Perso-Arabic alphabet and an attempt to correlate them with the human form.

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• ḤOSĀM-AL-DIN ʿALI BEDLISI

  Tahsin Yazici

  NURBAḴŠI, Kurdish Sufi author of a commentary on the Koran, among other works (d. 1494-95).