Table of Contents

  • EDUCATION xiii. RURAL AND TRIBAL SCHOOLS

    Moḥammad Bahmanbeygī, Nāṣer Mīr, Moḥammad Pūrsartīp, and EIr

    Compulsory-education laws enacted in 1911 and 1943 provided the legal framework for the extension of modern education into rural and tribal areas. Until the 1950s, however, the Persian government did not possess the resources  to implement these laws; in addition, landowners and tribal khans resisted such efforts.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • EDUCATION xiv. SPECIAL SCHOOLS

    Samineh Baghchehban-Pirnazar

    Until 1968 responsibility for children with special educational needs had fallen on the individual schools. In that year the National Organization for Special Education  was established as a general directorate under a deputy minister of education.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • EDUCATION xv. FOREIGN AND MINORITY SCHOOLS IN PERSIA

    EIr

    Modern education was introduced to Persia in the 19th century by European and American religious institutions and military advisers.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • EDUCATION xvi. SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS

    Aḥmad Bīrašk and EIr

    No standardized schoolbooks existed in Persia before the advent of the modern educational system. The first were written by European teachers at the Dār al-fonūn in the mid-19th century.

  • EDUCATION xvii. HIGHER EDUCATION

    David Menashri

    Initially Reżā Shah’s government, like the Qajar government before it, encouraged aspiring professionals to study abroad, but, while urging them to absorb practical elements of Western culture, he also warned them to reject “harmful” influences and preserve their own national identity.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • EDUCATION xix. TEACHERS’-TRAINING COLLEGES

    Majd-al-Dīn Keyvānī

    Dānešgāh-e tarbīat-e moʿallem, the oldest institution for educating teachers in Persia, was founded  in Tehran in 1336/1918. It has gone through various phases and changes of name since.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • EDUCATION xviii. TEACHERS’-TRAINING SCHOOLS

    Eqbāl Yaḡmāʾ ī

    In March 1934 an act establishing lower and advanced schools for teachers’ training under the Ministry of Education (Wezārat-e maʿāref) was adopted by the Majles, and an operating charter for such schools was ratified in July of the same year.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • EDUCATION xx. ADULT EDUCATION

    Šahlā Kāẓemīpūr

    The Ministry of Education (Wezārat-e maʿāref) established adult-literacy classes in state schools considered suitable. They were to last two years and to consist of ninety-six two-hour classes each year, free of charge. Reading and writing Persian, arithmetic, and elementary history, geography, and civics were to be taught.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • EDUCATION xxi. EDUCATION ABROAD

    Afshin Matin-Asgari

    A survey of 350 students abroad between 1811 and 1920 indicates that more than 50 percent of the total studied in France, about 15 percent in Russia, and 5-10 percent in Germany, England, Switzerland, Istanbul, and Beirut. A small number studied in Egypt, India, and the United States.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • EDUCATION xxii. PHYSICAL EDUCATION

    Cross-Reference

    See PHYSICAL EDUCATION.