Table of Contents

• DUALISM

  Gherardo Gnoli

  feature peculiar to Iranian religion in ancient and medieval times.

• DUBAI

  Sussan Siavoshi

  (Dobayy), second largest of the seven emirates constituting the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf.

• DUCK

  Hūšang Aʿlam

  technically any species of the family Anatidae but in Persian popular usage including similar waterfowl from other families, particularly some geese and grebes.

• DŪḠ

  M. R. Ghanoonparvar

  beverage made of yogurt and plain or carbonated water and often served chilled as a refreshing summer drink or with meals, especially with kebabs or čelow-kabāb.

• DŪḠ-E WAḤDAT

  Mahmoud Omidsalar

  lit. “beverage of unity”; concoction made from adding hashish extract (jowhar-e ḥaīš) to diluted yogurt.

• DUGDŌW

  D. N. MacKenzie

  the name of Zoroaster’s mother, which appears in several different spellings in the Pahlavi texts, mostly more or less corrupted from an original attempt at representing the Avestan form.

• ḎU’L-AKTĀF

  Cross-Reference

  See SHAPUR II.

• ḎU’L-FAQĀR

  Jean Calmard

  lit., “provided with notches, grooves, vertebrae”; the miraculous sword of Imam ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb, with two blades or points, which became a symbol of his courage on the battlefield.

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• ḎU’L-FAQĀR KHAN AFŠĀR

  J. R. PERRY

  governor (ḥākem) of Ḵamsa province (ca. 1763-80) under the Zand dynasty.

• ḎU’L-FAQĀR ŠĪRVĀNĪ

  Moḥammad Dabīrsīāqī

  MALEK-AL-ŠOʿARĀ QEWĀM-AL-DĪN ḤOSAYN b. Ṣadr-al-Dīn ʿAlī (d. ca. 691/1291), Persian poet and panegyrist of the Il-khanid period.