Table of Contents

• ČOḠŪR

  Jean During

  (also čoḡor, čogūr, more commonly called sāz in former Soviet Azerbaijan), is the typical pyriform lute of the ʿāšeq, the professional minstrel of Azerbaijan.

• COINS AND COINAGE

  Stephen Album, Michael L. Bates, Willem Floor

  During the reign of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah (1797-1834) the first steps toward a modern currency were taken. At the Tabrīz and Isfahan mints well-executed silver and gold coins were struck along with the normal, less carefully minted products, with full, even pressure and reeded edges similar to those found on contemporary British Indian coins. 

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• COLCHIS

  Fridrik Thordarson

  ancient Greek name of the region at the eastern end of the Black Sea and south of the Caucasus mountains, corresponding to the Georgian provinces of Imeretia, Mingrelia (Samegrelo), Guria and Ač’ara and the Pontic regions of northeastern Turkey.

• COLETTI, Alessandro

  Adriano Rossi

  (b. Trieste, 1928, d. Rome, 1985), Italian scholar of Iranian languages and general oriental subjects, co-author with his wife, Hanne Grünbaum, of the most comprehensive Persian-Italian dictionary (1978) published in modern times.

• COLLEGE

  Cross-reference

  term used to designate the American College, founded by Presbyterians and later renamed: see ALBORZ COLLEGE.

• COLLEGES

  Cross-reference

  For important individual colleges, see EDUCATION; FACULTIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN.

• COLOGNE MANI CODEX

  Werner Sundermann

  or Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis, a lump of parchment fragments the size of a matchbox, containing a portion of the life and teachings of Mani, discovered in 1969 at an indeterminate spot in the area of Asyūṭ (ancient Lycopolis) in upper Egypt, the smallest ancient codex known to date.

• COLOR

  Annemarie Schimmel, Priscilla P. Soucek

  (Pers. rang). i. Color symbolism in Persian literature. ii. Use and importance of color in Persian art. 

• COLUMNS

  Wolfram Kleiss

  one of several kinds of upright, load-bearing architectural members encompassed, along with piers, in the term sotūn. In the Achaemenid palaces at Persepolis and Susa columns, whether plain or fluted, reached a height of 19 m and a diameter up to 1.60 m; they were topped by double-protome capitals, themselves an additional 8 m high.

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• COMISENE

  Cross-Reference

  See KŪMEŠ.