Table of Contents

  • CONGRATULATIONS

    Žāla Āmūzgār

    the custom of conveying congratulations on such happy occasions as the birth of a child, a birthday anniversary, a marriage, a coronation, or a national or religious festival.

  • CONIFERAE

    Cross-Reference

    See DERAḴT.

  • CONJUNCTIONS

    Cross-Reference

    See QERĀN.

  • CONON OF ATHENS

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    (b. before 444 BCE., d. after 392 BCE),  a leading Athenian admiral during the Peloponnesian and Corinthian wars.

  • CONSERVATION

    Cross-Reference

    See ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.

  • CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF PERSIAN MONUMENTS

    Eugenio Galdieri and Kerāmat-Allāh Afsar

    in almost every historical period some restoration of Persian monuments has been undertaken either by state authorities or through the efforts of charitable individuals.

  • CONSPIRACY THEORIES

    Ahmad Ashraf

    a complex of beliefs attributing the course of Persian history and politics to the machinations of hostile foreign powers and secret organizations.

  • CONSTANTIUS II

    Cross-reference

    See Šāpur II.

  • CONSTELLATIONS

    D. N. MacKenzie

    The first and only two constellations to be named in Old Iranian sources are Ursa Major and the Pleiades, in the Younger Avesta. The next possible mentions of constellations are of two kinds, both dating from late Middle Persian times but only actually attested in works or manuscripts from the Islamic period.

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  • CONSTITUTION OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

    Said Amir Arjomand

    In 1979, Persia was declared an Islamic republic. Until then there had been little discussion, outside religious circles, of the conception of welāyat-e faqīh (lit. “mandate of the jurist”) propounded by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.