Table of Contents

• COOKBOOKS

  Mohammad R. Ghanoonparvar

  classical, in Persian; relatively few books in Persian exclusively devoted to the prepa­ration of food are known, even though references to a highly developed cuisine in Persia in premodern times are found in medical, religious, historical, and poetic texts.

• COOKIES

  Ṣoḡrā Bāzargān

  (kolūča, nān-e kolūča, kolīča) in Persia; in this article the cookies most frequently made in major Persian cities today, both traditional types and those reflecting foreign influence, will be described.

• COOKING

  Multiple Authors

  i. In ancient Iran. ii. In Pahlavi literature. iii. Principles and ingredients of modern Persian cooking. iv. In Afghanistan.

• COON, CARLETON STEVENS

  Robert H. Dyson, Jr.

  (b. Wakefield, Massa­chusetts, 23 June 1904, d. Gloucester, Massachusetts, 4 June 1981), American anthropologist and educator.

• COOPERATIVES

  Amir I. Ajami

  (šerkat-e taʿāwonī), economic organizations owned jointly by and operated for the benefit of groups of individuals. Such cooperatives were first introduced and recognized in Persia under the Commercial code (Qānūn-e tejārat) of 1303 Š./1924, which provided for both production (tawlīd) and consumer (maṣraf) cooperatives.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ČOPOQ

  Willem Floor

  or ČEPOQ, a long-stemmed pipe with a small bowl for smoking tobacco, distinct from the ḡ/qalyān, or water pipe.

• COPPER i. In Islamic Persia

  James W. Allan and Willem Floor

  the metallic element Cu.

• Copper ii. Copper resources in Iran

  Manṣur Qorbāni and Anuširavān Kani

  With the advancement of the knowledge of metallurgy in the Achaemenid era, finely crafted copper and bronze objects were created, continuing on through ancient times. The medieval Arab traveler Abu Dolaf wrote about the Nišāpur copper mine, but the extent of the deposits in Iran became known only from accounts of European travelers from the Safavid period onwards.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• COPRATES

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀB-E DEZ.

• COPTIC MANICHEAN TEXTS

  Aloïs van Tongerloo

  primary source text fragments, written in previously undeciphered or little-known languages and scripts which considerably changed the interpretation and apprecia­tion of Manicheism.

• COPYRIGHT

  Karīm Emāmī

  (ḥaqq-e moʾallef), a direct translatof the French droit d'auteur; the exclusive right to reproduce, publish, and sell the matter or form of a created work, for example, a novel or musical compo­sition.

• CORAL

  Hūšang Aʿlam

  the skeletal deposit of marine polyps, often treated as a gem material.

• ČORĀS, ŠĀH-MAḤMŪD

  Robert D. McChesney

  b. Mīrzā Fāżel, historian of the 17th-century Chaghatay khanate in Moḡūlestān and hagiographer and staunch supporter of the “Black Mountain” khojas.

• CORBIN, HENRY

  Daryush Shayegan

  (b. Paris 14 April 1903, d. Paris 7 October 1978), French philosopher and orientalist best known as a major interpreter of the Persian role in the development of Islamic thought.

• CORIANDER

  Hūšang Aʿlam

  an herb indigenous to the Mediterranean area, the Caucasus, and Persia and valued for its aromatic leaves and seeds.

• ČORMĀGŪN

  Peter Jackson

  Mongol general and military gov­ernor in Persia, d. ca. 639/1242.

• CORMICK, JOHN

  Kamran Ekbal and Lutz Richter-Bernburg

  one of the first English surgeons to work in Persia and personal physician to the crown prince ʿAbbās Mīrzā.

• CORMICK, WILLIAM

  Moojan Momen

  (b. Tabrīz 1822, d. Tabrīz 25 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1294/30 December 1877), a British physician in Tabrīz.

• CORN

  Cross-Reference

  See ḎORRAT.

• CORNELIAN CHERRY

  Hūšang Aʿlam

  the male cornel tree, a dogwood shrub with edible berries.