Table of Contents

  • COURTS AND COURTIERS iv. Under the Mongols

    Peter Jackson

    During the early stages of the Mongol presence Persia was ruled, on behalf of the great khan (qaḡan, qaʾan/qāʾān) in Mongolia, by military governors based in Azerbaijan and in Khorasan, but, with the coming of Hülegü (Hūlāgū) in 654/1256 and the establishment of the Il-khanid state, the country was once again the seat of a resident sovereign.

  • COURTS AND COURTIERS v. Under the Timurid and Turkman dynasties

    Monika Gronke

    Timurid and Turkman rulers and princes established outside of Samarquand and built them into important political and especially religious and cultural centers.

  • COURTS AND COURTIERS vi. In the Safavid period

    Roger M. Savory

    The organization of the court and its administration.

  • COURTS AND COURTIERS vii. In the Qajar period

    Abbas Amanat

    The court (darbār, darbār-e aʿẓam, dar(b)-e ḵāna) in the Qajar period was essentially organized on the ancient Perso-Turkish model inherited from the Safavid and Zand courts but with modifications in practice and function largely designed to accommo­date the Qajars’ nomadic habits.

  • COURTS AND COURTIERS viii. In the reign of Reżā Shah Pahlavī

    A. Reza Sheikholeslami

    When Reżā Shah (r. 1304-20 Š./1925-1941) acceded to the throne he retained a number of lower officials from the royal court of the Qajars, specifically those who had not been vocal in support of republicanism.

  • COURTS AND COURTIERS x. Court poetry

    J. T. P. de Bruijn

    Until modern times there were strong incentives to patronize poets and other writers wherever the seat of power was renowned as a center of culture.

  • COURTS OF LAW

    Cross-Reference

    See JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS v. Judicial System in the 20th Century.

  • ČOVĀRĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See LORESTĀN.

  • COW

    Cross-Reference

    See CATTLE.

  • COWELL, EDWARD BYLES

    Parvin Loloi

    (1826-1903), polymath, scholar, and translator from Indian languages and Persian.

  • ČOWGĀN

    Cross-Reference

    See POLO.

    Article Pending.

  • COX, PERCY ZACHARIAH

    Floreeda Safiri

    (1864-1937), Sir, officer of the political service in the British Indian government who held several diplomatic posts in the Persian Gulf re­gion in 1893-1923 and played a leading role in nego­tiating the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919.

  • COYAJEE, JEHANGIR COOVERJI

    Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa

    (1875-1943), Sir, Parsi economist and student of ancient Iranian mythology.

  • CRAFTS

    compiled from personal observations and reports by Carole Bier, Mehdī Ebrāhīmīān, Iran Ala Firouz, and Jay Gluck.

    Although crafts have always played a predominant role in the artistic history of Persia, in this century new market forces and social currents have interacted with deeply rooted traditions to produce new types of objects, as well as variations on more familiar ones.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • CRANE

    Hūšang Aʿlam

    (kolang), any of the large migratory wading birds of the family Gruidae. The kolang is mentioned in the Bundahišn as one of 110 species of birds. In classi­cal Persian poetry the crane’s ability to fly high and far; its order, discipline, and characteristic whooping sounds in flight are mentioned.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • CRASSUS

    Cross-Reference

    See CARRHAE.

  • CREATION

    Cross-Reference

    See COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY.

  • CREMATION

    Cross-Reference

    See BURIAL.

  • CRIMEAN TATAR

    Dan D.Y. Shapira

    (Krim-Tatar, Qırım-Tatar), name for various Turkic peoples who moved to the Crimean peninsula in the past and are now in other areas as well.

  • CRIMINAL LAW

    Cross-Reference

    See JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS v. Judicial System in the 20th Century.