Table of Contents

  • COURTS AND COURTIERS viii. In the reign of Reżā Shah Pahlavī

    A. Reza Sheikholeslami

    When Reżā Shah (r. 1304-20 Š./1925-1941) acceded to the throne he retained a number of lower officials from the royal court of the Qajars, specifically those who had not been vocal in support of republicanism.

  • COURTS AND COURTIERS x. Court poetry

    J. T. P. de Bruijn

    Until modern times there were strong incentives to patronize poets and other writers wherever the seat of power was renowned as a center of culture.

  • COURTS OF LAW

    Cross-Reference

    See JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS v. Judicial System in the 20th Century.

  • ČOVĀRĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See LORESTĀN.

  • COW

    Cross-Reference

    See CATTLE.

  • COWELL, EDWARD BYLES

    Parvin Loloi

    (1826-1903), polymath, scholar, and translator from Indian languages and Persian.

  • ČOWGĀN

    Cross-Reference

    See POLO.

  • COX, PERCY ZACHARIAH

    Floreeda Safiri

    , Sir (b. Herongate, near Brentwood, Essex, England, 20 November 1864, d. Bedford, England, 20 February 1937), officer of the political service in the British Indian government who held several diplomatic posts in the Persian Gulf re­gion in 1893-1923 and played a leading role in nego­tiating the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919.

  • COYAJEE, JEHANGIR COOVERJI

    Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa

    , Sir (b. Bombay, 11 September 1875, d. Bombay, 14 July 1943), Parsi economist and student of ancient Iranian mythology.

  • CRAFTS

    compiled from personal observations and reports by Carole Bier, Mehdī Ebrāhīmīān, Iran Ala Firouz, and Jay Gluck.

    Although crafts have always played a predominant role in the artistic history of Persia, in this century new market forces and social currents have interacted with deeply rooted traditions to produce new types of objects, as well as variations on more familiar ones.

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  • CRANE

    Hūšang Aʿlam

    (kolang), any of the large migratory wading birds of the family Gruidae. The kolang is mentioned in the Bundahišn as one of 110 species of birds. In classi­cal Persian poetry the crane’s ability to fly high and far; its order, discipline, and characteristic whooping sounds in flight are mentioned.

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  • CRASSUS

    Cross-Reference

    See CARRHAE.

  • CREATION

    Cross-Reference

    See COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY.

  • CREMATION

    Cross-Reference

    See BURIAL.

  • CRIMINAL LAW

    Cross-Reference

    See JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS v. Judicial System in the 20th Century.

  • CRIMINOLOGY

    Parviz Saney

    the study of the causation, prevention, and correction of crime.

  • CROCODILE

    S. C. Anderson

    (nahang, Baluchi gandū), Croco­dylus palustris, the marsh crocodile. It inhabits fresh-water marshes, pools, and rivers, and probably the only suitable croco­dile habitat in Persian Baluchistan is along the Sarbāz river. The present intermittent distribution of this species in Pakistan and Persian Baluchistan represents a fragmentation of a once more continuous range during moister climatic regimes in the recent past.

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  • CROCUS

    Hūšang Aʿlam

    generic name of a large number of hardy bulbous flowering plants of the family Iridaceae.

  • CROESUS

    A. Shapur Shahbazi

    last king of Lydia (r. ca. 560-46 B.C.E.) and brother-in-law of Astyages.

  • CROSBY, OSCAR TERRY

    Ronald E. Emmerick

    (born Ponchatoula, Loui­siana, 21 April 1861, d. Warrenton, Virginia, 2 Janu­ary 1947), collector of an important group of Khotanese texts.