Table of Contents

• ARĀK

  X. de Planhol

  Arāk was originally the popular name of Solṭānābād, a town in western Iran, but is now the official name as well.

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• ARAK iii. Basic Population Data, 1956-2011

  Mohammad Hossein Nejatian

  population growth from 1956 to 2011, age structure, average household size, literacy rate, and economic activity status for 2006 and/or 2011.

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• ARAKADRI

  W. Eilers

  name of uncertain meaning given in Darius I’s inscription (DB 1.37) to a mountain in the region of Pišiyāuvādā.

• AṘAKʿEL OF TABRĪZ

  A. K. Sanjian

   Armenian historian, born at Tabrīz in the 1590s, died at Etchmiadzin in Armenia in 1670.

• ARAL SEA

  B. Spuler

  Daryā(ča)-ye Ḵᵛārazm, inland sea in western Turkestan, bounded since 1924 and 1936 by Karakalpaqistan (part of the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan) in the south and Kazakhstan in the north.

• ARAMAIC

  F. Rosenthal, J. C. Greenfield, S. Shaked

  The Arameans, the speakers of all those dialects, are first directly mentioned in cuneiform texts from the end of the twelfth century B. C. where they are said to belong to the Akhlame group of people. In the course of time, various names such as Chaldean, Nabatean, Syrian, and Assyrian, came into use for Aramaic-speaking peoples.

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• ARAMAZD

  cross-reference

  Armenian form of AHURA MAZDĀ.

• ARĀN (1)

  cross-reference

  or ALĀN, Inscr. Mid. Pers. ʾlʾn-, Inscr. Parth. ʾrdʾn, ʾln-. See ALANS, ALBANIA, ARRĀN.

• ARĀN (2)

  cross-reference

  See ḤOLVĀN.

• ĀRĀN (3)

  ʿA. N. Rażawī

  a small town about 10 km north of Kāšān.