Search Results for “farah”
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FARĀH
Daniel Balland
Farāh has retained practically the same name since the first millennium B.C.E. At the end of the first century B.C.E, the “very great city” of Phra in Aria was reckoned as a major stage on the overland route between the Levant and India.
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FARĀHRŪD
Daniel Balland
river in southwestern Afghanistan, rising at about 3,300 meters above sea level in the Band-e Bayān, and, after a course of 712 km in a south-western direction, ending in the Hāmūn-e Ṣāberī (Sīstān) at an altitude of 475 m.
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FARĀHĪ, ABŪ NAṢR BADR-al-DĪN MASʿŪD
Moḥammad Dabīrsīāqī
or Moḥammad, Maḥmūd; b. Abī Bakr b. Ḥosayn b. Jaʿfar Farāhī (fl. 13th century), poet and litterateur.
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FARĀHĀNĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ṢĀDEQ
Cross-Reference
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FARAḤĀBĀD
Wolfram Kleiss
common place name throughout Persia, without any cultural or historical significance. The three best-known locales with this name are a city quarter of Tehran, the remains of a palace complext near Isfahan, and an Abbasid pleasure palace on the Caspian sea.
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FARĀHĀNĪ, MĪRZĀ MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN
Hafez Farmayan
(1847-1913) Persian diplomat and author of a travelogue (safar-nāma) intended to show how a Shiʿite pilgrim could successfully undertake the journey to Mecca. In it one learns much about Arabia, the Ottoman empire, and the Sunnis in general.
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FARAHVAŠI, Bahrām
Mahnaz Moazami
Bahrām Farahvaši was born into a family with a long tradition of literary and scholarly pursuits. His father, ʿAli Moḥammad Farahvaši (1875-1968), was one of the pioneers of education reform in the early 20th century and established modern schools in Tehran, Zanjan, and Azerbaijan.
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FARĀHĀN
Reżā Reżāzāda Langarūdī
a district (baḵš) in Tafreš subprovince (šahrestān) of the Central (Markazī) province.
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BONGĀH-E ḤEMĀYAT-E MĀDARĀN O KŪDAKĀN
EIr
(Institute for the protection of mothers and infants), founded 16 December 1940 on the order of Reżā Shah, originally funded by charitable contributions.
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AḤMAD SOLṬĀN AFŠĀR
R. M. Savory
Qizilbāš amir in the Safavid service.
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KĀNUN-E PARVAREŠ-E FEKRI-E KUDAKĀN VA NOWJAVĀNĀN i. Establishment of Kanun
Fereydoun Moezi Moghadam
Kanun’s goal was to produce and offer support and services for children in better settings than the grim and austere school classrooms.
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ASFEZĀR
C. E. Bosworth
(or ASFŌZAR), designation of a district (kūra) and later its chief town in the Herat quarter of Khorasan.
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KĀNUN-E PARVAREŠ-E FEKRI-E KUDAKĀN VA NOWJAVĀNĀN
Fereydoun Moezi Moghadam
an institute with a wide range of cultural, artistic, and educational activities for children and adolescents, founded in December 1965.
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ABDĀLĪ
C. M. Kieffer
ancient name of a large tribe, or more particularly of a group of Afghan tribes, better known by the name of Dorrānī since the reign of Aḥmad Šāh Dorrānī (1747-72).
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ČAḴĀNSŪR
Daniel Balland
principal town of the large Ḵāšrūd delta oasis in northeastern Sīstān.
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EBN ḤAWŠAB, ABU’L-QĀSEM ḤASAN
Heinz Halm
b. Faraj (or Faraḥ) b. Ḥawšab b. Zāḏān Najjār Kūfī, known also as Manṣūr al-Yaman (d. 914), Ismaʿili dāʿī and founder of the Ismaʿili community in northern Yemen.
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BAKWĀ, DAŠT-E
D. Balland
an extensive piedmont alluvial plain in the southwest of Afghanistan, drained by one of the Sīstān rivers, the Ḵospāsrūd. In past times it enjoyed a measure of prosperity based on qanāt irrigation.
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ʿANBARĪ, ABU’L-ʿABBĀS
C. E. Bosworth
4th-5th/10th-11th century poet and prose stylist of Khorasan and statesman in the service of the Qarakhanids.
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MOḤSENI, Akbar
Morteżā Ḥoseyni Dehkordi
(1912-1995) composer and prominent performer of the Ud (lute).
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KĀNUN-E PARVAREŠ-E FEKRI-E KUDAKĀN VA NOWJAVĀNĀN ii. Libraries
Fereydoun Moezi Moghadam
an institute with a wide range of cultural, artistic, and educational activities for children and adolescents, founded under the patronage of Queen (Shahbanou) Farah Pahlavi in December 1965.
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JOVAYN
C. Edmund Bosworth
name of three historical localities: a village in Fārs, a fortress o the northeast of Lake Zereh in Sistān, and especially the district of that name in Khorasan.
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HELMAND RIVER ii. IN ZOROASTRIAN TRADITION
Gherardo Gnoli
According to Avestan geography, the region of the Haētumant River extends in a southwest direction from the point of confluence of the Arḡandāb with the Helmand.
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IRAQ xii. PERSIAN SCHOOLS IN IRAQ
Eqbal Yaghmaʾi
At the time of the 1905-11 Constitutional Revolution in Persia, local committees in Iraq created Persian-language schools with the backing of the leading, progressive religious scholars.
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ASFEZĀRĪ, ABŪ ḤĀTEM
D. Pingree
5th/12th-century astronomer, of whose life almost nothing is known.
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BADĪʿ-AL-ZAMĀN
M. E. Subtelny
(d. ca. 1514), Timurid prince, who rebelled against his father, Sultan Ḥosayn Bāyqarā (r. Herat 1469-1506).
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LAYARD, Austen Henry
John Curtis
Layard is chiefly known for his excavations in northern Iraq between 1845 and 1851. He worked at the Assyrian sites of Nimrud and Nineveh, the North-West Palace of Assurnasirpal II and South-West Palace of Sennacherib, where he found stone bas-reliefs and figures as well as cuneiform tablets and small objects in bronze, glass, and ivory.
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MANJIL
Marcel Bazin
town in the Rudbār district, Gilān province. Located at lat 36°44′ N, long 49°24′ E, where the Qezel-owzan (Kızıl-uzun) and Šāhrud rivers unite into the Safidrud.
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HOMĀYUN
Jean During
(lit. “auspicious”), an important modal system (dastgāh) in traditional Persian music.
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KĀBOLI
Rawan Farhadi and J. R. Perry
the colloquial Persian spoken in the capital of Afghanistan, Kabul, and its environs. It has been a common and prestigious vernacular for several centuries, since Kabul was long ruled by dynasts of Iran (the Safavids) or India (the Mughals) for whom Persian was the language of culture and administration.
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ḴĀLEDI, Mehdi
E. Naḵjavāni
Persian violinist and songwriter (1919-1990). As a violinist, Ḵāledi was known for his command of traditional Persian music and its innovative interpretation. As a composer, he was admired for the range of his rhythmically varied and elegiac songs.
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CROWN v. In the Qajar and Pahlavi periods
Yaḥyā Ḏokāʾ
Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah (r. 1797-1834) ordered the creation of a tall, jeweled crown with eight peaks on a red velvet cap, the Kayānī crown. From that time on all Qajar kings wore this crown, which is now kept in the Bānk-e markazī-e Īrān (Central bank of Iran).
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SISTĀNI, MIRZĀ ŠĀH-ḤOSAYN
Kioumars Ghereghlou
(1571-after 1627), Persian historian, poet, and bureaucrat whose works include a local history of Sistān, a biographical dictionary of poets, and two maṯnawis.
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CITIES v. Modern Urbanization and Modernization in Afghanistan
Erwin Grötzbach
Since 1359 Š./1980 the flight of millions of Afghans, not only out of the country but also to relatively secure cities like Kabul and Mazār-e Šarīf, has been reflected in a sharp increase in the level of urbanization.
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AFGHANISTAN i. Geography
J. F. Shroder, Jr.
Afghanistan has an extreme continental, arid climate which is characterized by desert, steppe, and highland temperature and precipitation regimes.
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ENTEẒĀM, ʿABD-ALLĀH and NAṢR-ALLĀH
Fakhreddin Azimi
two brothers active in 20th-century Persian politics. ʿAbd-Allāh (1895-1983), as a career diplomat, served in various posts, including minister of foreign affairs. Naṣr-Allāh (1899-1980) held a series of ministerial posts under Moḥammad Reżā Shah, including the ambassadorship to the United States.
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EDUCATION xiv. SPECIAL SCHOOLS
Samineh Baghchehban-Pirnazar
Until 1968 responsibility for children with special educational needs had fallen on the individual schools. In that year the National Organization for Special Education was established as a general directorate under a deputy minister of education.
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ČANG
Ḥosayn-ʿAlī Mallāḥ
In Persian literature, particularly in poetry, the harp kept an important place. In the Pahlavi text on King Ḵosrow and his page the čang player is listed among the finest of musicians. The harp was also one of the instruments played by the inmates of the harem.
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ʿAWFĪ, SADĪD-AL-DĪN
J. Matīnī
an important Persian writer of the late 6th/12th and early 7th/13th centuries.
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AYMĀQ
A. Janata
(Turk. Oymaq), a term designating tribal peoples in Khorasan and Afghanistan, mostly semi-nomadic or semi-sedentary, in contrast to the fully sedentary, non-tribal population of the area.
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HERAT ii. HISTORY, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
W. J. Vogelsang
The present town of Herat dates back to ancient times, but its exact age remains unknown. In Achaemenid times (ca. 550-330 BCE), the surrounding district was known as Haraiva.
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GEREŠK
Daniel Balland
a small oasis-city on the right bank of the Helmand river in Southern Afghanistan, the headquarters of the district (woloswālī) of Nahr-e Serāj within the province of Helmand.
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DAWLATĀBĀD
Daniel Balland
name of several localities in Afghanistan that have grown up around civil or military government buildings.
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KAJAKAY DAM
Siddieq Noorzoy
dam built on the Helmand River as a part of the multi-faceted projects aimed at the development of the Helmand Valley.
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CENTRAL ASIA viii. Relations with Persia in the 19th Century
Abbas Amanat
The question of Central Asia in the 13th/19th century, from the Persian point of view, was a prominent one not only because of Persian territorial claims over Marv, Ḵīva, Saraḵs, and other peripheral regions, but also because of the threat of the Turkmen frontier tribes of Tekka, Yomūt, and Gūklān to the security of Khorasan, Astarābād, and Māzandarān.
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BAZAR iv. In Afghanistan
E. F. Grötzbach
In Afghanistan a bāzār is a collection of shops and workshops forming a topographic unit. As regards size and layout, however, there can be great differences.
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B~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Cross-Reference
list of all the figure and plate images in the letter B entries.
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EDUCATION xvii. HIGHER EDUCATION
David Menashri
Initially Reżā Shah’s government, like the Qajar government before it, encouraged aspiring professionals to study abroad, but, while urging them to absorb practical elements of Western culture, he also warned them to reject “harmful” influences and preserve their own national identity.
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RUDBĀR
Marcel Bazin and Christian Bromberger
town and district in southwestern Gilān. Rudbār is located on both banks of the Safidrud river at lat 36°51′ N, long 49°25′ E, at an average altitude of 300 m.
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CONGRATULATIONS
Žāla Āmūzgār
the custom of conveying congratulations on such happy occasions as the birth of a child, a birthday anniversary, a marriage, a coronation, or a national or religious festival.
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CHRISTIANITY iii. In Central Asia And Chinese Turkestan
Nicholas Sims-Williams
By the late 3rd century the Syrian church was strongly established in the western Persian empire. The Nestorian church of Persia (“Church of the East”) conducted the most significant and enduring missionary work in Transoxania and beyond.
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