Search Results for “eschatology”

• ESCHATOLOGY

  Multiple Authors

  the branch of theology concerned with final things, i.e., the advent of the savior to defeat evil and the end of the world.

• ESCHATOLOGY iv. In Babism and Bahaism

  Stephen Lambden

  Individual Babis and Bahais have compiled testimonia and written “demonstrative treatises” (estedlālīya) to show the fulfillment, in their religion, of apocalyptic and eschatological prophecies.

• ESCHATOLOGY i. In Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrian Influence

  Shaul Shaked

  Faith in the events beyond life on this earth is attested in the Zoroastrian scriptures from the very first, from the Gāθās. This faith developed and became central to later Zoroastrianism so that it colors almost all aspects of the religious life.

• ESCHATOLOGY ii. Manichean Eschatology

  Werner Sundermann

  Manichean eschatology, teachings about final things, provided information on what happened during and after the death of a single human being and also on what would happen before and at the end of this world.

• ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism

  M. A. Amir-Moezzi

  It is known that among Islamic doctrinal trends and schools of thought that Shiʿism, Imami Shiʿism in particular, has developed eschatological doctrine most fully.

• HEAVEN

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀSMĀN; ESCHATOLOGY.

• HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE ii. IN LITERATURE AND MYTHOLOGY

  Gherardo Gnoli

  In the literature and mythology of ancient Persia, Lake Hāmun occupied, along with the Helmand Riiver, a position of particular importance, especially in Zoroastrian eschatology.

• HIDDEN IMAM

  Cross-Reference

  See ISLAM IN IRAN vii. The Concept of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism; ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism.

• GĒTĪG AND MĒNŌG

  SHAUL SHAKED

  a pair of Middle Persian terms that designate the two forms of existence according to the traditional Zoroastrian view of the world as expressed in the Pahlavi books.

• RAWŻA-YE TASLIM

  S. Jalal Badakhchani

  title of the most comprehensive work on the Nezāri Ismaʿili theology of the Alamut  period by Naṣir-al-Din Ṭusi, the celebrated polymath who also served as vizier under the Il-khanid Hülegü.

• QAWL

  Philip G. Kreyenbroek

  a type of poetry that plays a central role in the religious life of the Yezidis. These hymns are chanted to music on solemn religious occasions.

• COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY vii. In Shaikhism

  Denis M. MacEoin

  It is in some respects redundant to speak of a “Shaikhi cosmology” distinct from that of Imami Shiʿism as a whole. Shaikhi ideas never developed independently of ordinary Shiʿite thought but were either part of it or in dialogue or conflict with it.

• ĀZ

  J. P. Asmussen

  Iranian demon known from Zoroastrian, Zurvanite, and, especially, Manichean sources.

• BĀB (1)

  D. M. MacEoin

  “door, gate, entrance,” a term of varied application in Shiʿism and related movements.

• AWĀʾEL AL-MAQĀLĀT

  M. J. McDermott

  a Shiʿite doctrinal work written in Baghdad.

• BIBLE ii. Persian Elements in the Bible

  Morton Smith

  Identification of Persian elements in the Bible is difficult because: (1) nobody knows just what was “Persian” when the biblical books were being written. (2) many things then “Persian” were also elements of other cultures.

• BADAḴŠĀNI, Sayyed SOHRĀB WALI

  Farhad Daftary

  the most prominent Central Asian Nezāri Ismaʿili theologian and author of the early centuries after the fall of Alamut.

• AḴLĀQ AL-AŠRĀF

  P. Sprachman

  (“The ethics of the aristocracy”), a satire composed in 740/1340-41, the most important work of ʿObayd Zākānī. 

• DRUJ-

  Jean Kellens

  Avestan feminine noun defining the concept opposed to that of aṧa-.

• MANICHEISM iv. BUDDHIST ELEMENTS IN

  P. Bryder

  Mani, who came to be considered himself to be the seal of the prophets, named Buddha, Zarathustra, and Jesus as his forerunners.

• KARAPAN

  William Malandra

  (or Karpan), designation of members of a class of daivic priests opposed to the religion of Zarathustra.

• BÄX FÄLDISỊN

  F. Thordarson

  “horse dedication,” a funeral rite practiced by the Ossetes until recent times.

• EŠĀRĀT WA’L-TANBĪHĀT, AL-

  M. E. Marmura

  a late work of Avicenna (Ebn Sīnā, d. 1037), written sometime between 1030 and 1034, which sums up his thought in a language that is often deeply personal and expressive.

• ZĀDSPRAM

  Philippe Gignoux

  a 9th-century Zoroastrian scholar and author. He was one of the four sons of Gušn-Jam (or Juwānjam, according to Boyce and Cereti).

• AḤMAD ʿALAWĪ

  H. Corbin

  philosopher and author in Persian and Arabic (d. between 1054/1644 and 1060/1650). 

• AYĀDĪ-E AMR ALLĀH

  D. M. MacEoin

  “Hands of the Cause of God”, term used in Bahaʾism to designate the highest rank of the appointed religious hierarchy.

• ĀMOLĪ, SAYYED BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN

  E. Kohlberg

  early representative of Imamite theosophy (b. 720/1320, or perhaps 719/1319).

• KAYĀNSĪH

  A. Panaino

  Pahlavi form of the name of a mythical sea, Av. Kąsaoiia-, connected in tradition with the Hāmun lake. According to Later Av. sources it is from the Kąsaoiia that the Saošiiaṇt Astuuat̰.ərəta- will rise. 

• ʿOLAMĀ-YE ESLĀM

  Siamak Adhami

  “The Doctors of Islam,” title given to two medieval Zoroastrian polemical treatises written in Modern Persian.

• MESSINA, GIUSEPPE

  Carlo G. Cereti

  (1893-1951), SJ, Italian scholar of Middle and Modern Iranian studies.

• IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (1) Pre-Islamic (1.2) Manicheism

  Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst and Philip G. Kreyenbroek

  Called after the founding prophet Mani (216-74 or 277), Manicheism was a syncretistic religion that, combining elements of the various religions current in Mesopotamia and the Iranian plateau at the time, claimed to be the ultimate religion.

• AḴNŪḴ

  J. P. Asmussen

  Enoch, in Manichean texts. According to the Cologne Mani Codex, the outstanding Greek Mani-vita, the prophet grew up in a Judeo-Christian environment, in the sect founded by Elkhasai in Eastern Syria about 100 CE.

• HELL i. IN ZOROASTRIANISM

  Philippe Gignoux

  Hell is not explicitly mentioned in the Gathas. There are only allusions, where it is said that the soul and the daēnā of the wicked will be guests in the “house of falsehood.”

• ASTVAṰ.ƎRƎTA

  M. Boyce

  the Avestan name of the Saošyant, the future Savior of Zoroastrianism.

• DŪZAḴ

  Mansour Shaki

  hell.

• KAYĀNIĀN i. Kavi: Avestan kauui, Pahlavi kay

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  Kavi is the Indo-Iranian term for “(visionary) poet.”  The term may be older than Indo-Iranian, if Lydian kaveś and the Samothracean title cited by Hesychius as koíēs or kóēs are related.

• OMM AL-KETĀB

  Farhad Daftary

  title of an anonymous Persian book associated with certain early Shiʿite ḡolāt (extremist) groups of southern Iraq. Originally published in Arabic, this work found its way into the manuscript collections of the Nezāri Ismaʿilis of Badaḵšān and became one of their most sacred and secret works, although it does not contain any known Ismaʿili doctrines.

• HADITH v. AS INFLUENCED BY IRANIAN IDEAS AND PRACTICES

  Shaul Shaked

  The contact of Arabia with ancient Iran started even before Islam, and there are definite traces of the presence of Iranian religious notions in the Koran.

• NABIL-E AKBAR

  Minou Foadi

  title of Āqā Moḥammad Qāʾeni, a prominent Bahai author and apologist (1829-92).

• JONAS, Hans

  Kurt Rudolph

  In 1958 Jonas published The Gnostic Religion, which is a revised English version of his German study of gnosticism. He was a prolific author who wrote many books, essays, and articles on the philosophical problems of nature, organism, and technology. 

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• BEHRŪZ, ḎABĪḤ

  Paul Sprachman

  (1889-1971), Persian satirist,  writer of highly popular parodies and burlesques.

• ŠĀBUHRAGĀN

  Christiane Reck

  (Šāpurāḵān, Šāburāḵān, Šāburḵān), one of the books written by Mani (216-274/7 CE), founder of the Manichean religion, in which he summarized his teaching systematically.

• WIKANDER, Oscar Stig

  Bo Utas; Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin

  Wikander soon became known as a brilliant young scholar with wide interests and a deep knowledge of many fields. In 1935 and 1936, he and Geo Widengren (1907-1996) were among the members of the Avesta seminars, held by his older compatriot, the professor of Semitic languages at Uppsala University, H. S. Nyberg (1889-1974).

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• MOLÉ, MARIJAN 

  Philippe Gignoux

  (1924-63), distinguished scholar of ancient Iran and Persian Sufism.

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• FRAŠŌ.KƎRƎTI

  Almut Hintze

  an eschatological term referring to the final renovation and transfiguration of Ahura Mazdā’s creation after evil has been utterly defeated and driven away.

• HAFT KEŠVAR

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  (seven regions), the usual geographical division of the world in Iranian tradition; ancient Iranians  envisioned the world as vast and round and encircled by a high mountain.

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• HAŠT BEHEŠT (2)

  Michele Bernardini

  (lit: “the Eight Heavens, the Eight paradises”), a cosmological concept used on several occasions as the title of literary works, or as the name of a particular architectural form in Persian, Turkish, and Indian contexts.

• KAYSĀNIYA

  Sean W. Anthony

  occasionally referred to also as Moḵtāriya, the Shiʿite sectarian movement(s) emerging from the Kufan revolt of Moḵtār b. Abi ʿObayd Ṯaqafi in 66-67/685-87.

• COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY v. In Twelver Shiʿism

  Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi

  Imami traditions contain a chaotic abundance of material portraying the origin and structure of the universe. Book XIV, “On the heavens and the earth,” of Moḥammad-Bāqer Majlesī’s Beḥār al-anwār, fills ten volumes (LVII-LXVI) in the most recent edition and contains several thousand traditions.

• ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM

  Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi

  Mahdism in Twelver Shiʿism inherited many of its elements from previous religious trends.