HAŠT BEHEŠT (2)

 

HAŠT BEHEŠT (lit: “the Eight Heavens, the Eight paradises”), a cosmological concept used on several occasions as the title of literary works, or as the name of a particular architectural form in Persian, Turkish, and Indian contexts.

The metaphorical use of this image appears early in New Persian poetry, as shown by some verses of Ḵāqāni Šarvāni/Šervāni, who mentions the image of the Hašt behešt as well as those of the Hašt bāḡ, the Hašt ḵold, and the Hašt manẓar, which are similar (Ḵāqāni, p. 52; Khan, pp. 109-10). The first person who used this concept as a title for a literary work, and consequently as a frame for it, was Amir Ḵosrow Dehlavi, who wrote his Hašt behešt (701/1301) in response to Neẓāmi Ganjavi’s Haft peykar (Ṣafā, Adabiyāt III, p. 778). This cosmological concept is closely connected to Islamic eschatology, in which paradise is conceived as having eight gates and eight spaces, each one decorated with a special precious stone or material. The description of paradise was further elaborated by the philosophers and Sufis who considered the eighth paradise to be the highest garden, that is, the Garden of Eden (Asín Palacios, p. 231; Qorṭobi, p. 455; Ašʿari, pp. 91-93). Amir Ḵosrow’s description, however, refers also to an architectural typology, presumably still existing in the Sasanian period (Huff, p. 52) and, more generally, to the Av. Vahišta- (Mid. Pers. wahišt) represented in the eschatological Mazdean tradition as a building richly decorated by precious stones and linked to an astrological concept, where the eight planets correspond to the eight heavens (Söder-blom, pp. 98-100, 128-29). The description of a palace in the Hašt behešt of Amir Ḵosrow (the eighth paradise, p. 286, vv. 2933-942), with four pavilions on the cardinal points around an octagonal basin in a luxuriant garden, represents the clearest literary reconstruction of this model in Persian literature. Angelo M. Piemontese (1996, introd. to Amir Ḵosrow, pp. 161-64) noted that the building conceived by Amir Ḵosrow for the “therapy” of Bahrām was a reflection of the paradise on the earth, where the four earthly paradises, added to the four heavenly ones, make eight. As well as in Muslim eschatological tradition, Piemontese also found the origins of this kind of numerical models in a Christian symbolism linked to the concept of salvation; it reflects classic mathematics, in which the number seven was the first complete one and eight the first one that was “solid and plain,” “corporeal,” that is, three-dimensional (23; see the Ogdoade, in Valla, III, chap. XVIII, fol. 8r, and Quacquarelli; for architectural implications, see also Dölger).

The reference to the Hašt behešt reappears later in the Ottoman literature. The author of the earliest biographical dictionary (taḏkera) written under the Ottomans, the poet Sehi Beg, arranged his work in eight chapters, naming each one a Behešt. The title of his work, Hašt behešt (comp. 945/1538-39), was certainly taken after the Timurid and early Safavid models, such as the Hašt behešt of Ḥakim Šāh Moḥammad b. Mobārak Qazvini (927/1520-21), which is a Persian translation of ʿAli-Šir Na-vāʾi’s Majāles al-nafāʾes (Riāḥi, pp. 171-72). Another book called Hašt behešt (comp. 908/1503) is the historical chronicle of Ḥakim-al-Din Edris Bedlisi, arranged in eight chapters, each one devoted to the reign of one Ottoman sultan from ʿOṯmān I to Bāyazid II.

As an architectural form, scholars use this term to refer to a particular kind of building, several of which date from the 15th century. The earliest examples, generally built in gardens, are identified in the Timurid period. Even without a direct evidence of a Timurid Hašt behešt, scholars, using both Western and Eastern sources, have identified pavilions such as the lost Ṭarab-ḵāna in the Bāḡ-e Safid at Herāt as a model for later such edifices (Bābor-nāma, tr. Beveridge, p. 302; Pope and Ackerman, p. 1148; Golombek, p. 47; Golombek and Wilber, I, p. 177). The best-known Hašt behešt of this period is the one built in Tabriz during the Aq Qoyunlu rule. According to the Italian author of the Viaggio di un mercante, pp. 447-51; tr. pp. 173-75), who called it “Astibisti” (see also Woods, p. 137 and pp. 272-73, n. 53), it was built by Uzun Ḥasan around 1460 in the middle of the ʿEšratābād garden. The building was then completed by his son Yaʿqub in 892/1486. Hašt Behešt was overtaken by the Ottoman troops when Solaymān the Magnificent occupied the city, but he prevented them from destroying it (Kirzioğlu, pp. 186-87). The same building was reproduced by Nāṣuḥ-al-Ṣelāḥ Maṭrāqči in a miniature (fol. 28a). The octagonal palace, with an interior cruciform plan, was built in the middle of a vast enclosed area on a marble terrace, where there was a water channel with great dragons spouting water at each of its corners (Go-lombek, I, pp. 178-79). In 993/1585, it was converted into a fortress after a further Ottoman occupation (Bedlisi, II, 275). This model was adopted by the Ottomans for the building of the Çinili köşk in Istanbul, using craftsmen from Khorasan (Necipoğlu, pp. 213-17). Following Khorasan models (Zayn Kān, 160), Ẓahir-al-Din Bābor built a garden in Agra called Hašt behešt, also known as Čahār bāḡ (see ČAHĀR BĀG; GARDENS).

Evidence of the use of this term in the first Mughal period is given by Ḵᵛāndamir (who uses the synonym Hašt jannat) in his Qānun-e homāyun (pp. 52-53). In the Mughal Empire, the diffusion of the Hašt behešt typology, especially for funerary architecture, was widespread and coincided with the diffusion of the so-called Moṯamman baḡdādi "Baḡdādi octagon” (i.e., the irregular octagon) for the building of several mausoleums, as in the tomb of Homāyun that was built by Akbar between 970-98/1562-71, where a Hašt behešt structure is inscribed in a Mo-ṯamman baḡdādi. Analogous typologies were used for the tomb of Anārkali at Lahore (1024/1615) and for the Tāj Maḥal (1041-52/1632-43; Jairazbhoy, p. 72; Golombek; Koch, 1991, p. 45).

In Persia, the typology of the Hašt behešt is attested to by a famous building constructed in Isfahan during the reign of Shah Solaymān in 1080/1669-70 (see chronograms in Naṣrābādi, pp. 487-90). This pavilion, erected in the Bāḡ-e bolbol, represents one of the main pieces of evidence for this typology, especially for its well preserved tile decoration cycle. Described by Jean Chardin (III, pp. 182-83) and studied by various scholars (Godard, pp. 147-48; Pope, III, p. 1196; Ferrante; Luschey-Schmeisser), the Hašt behešt of Isfahan is built on a slightly octagonal plan, with two main entrances on the east and west sides. An octagonal central hall is surrounded by four octagonal chamber on two floors, making a total of eight rooms hence the Hašt behešt.

Although specific research on the tile decoration has not found a coherent thematic relation with paradise, it is evident that all the ceramic decoration reflects in its totality a main decorative program. Nevertheless, specific paradisiacal themes were individuated by Luschey-Schmeisser (pp. 149-74), who defined a clear symbolic function in some zoomorphic and anthropomorphic scenes, tracing the history of this tradition from an earlier period. The Hašt behešt of Isfahanseems to represent the last piece of evidence for this type of building, in which the relation between literary tradition and architectural concepts is clearly attested to.

 

Bibliography:

Primary sources. Amir Ḵosrow Dehlavi, Hašt behešt, ed. Jaʿfar Efteḵār, Moscow, 1972; tr. Angelo Michele Piemontese as Le otto novelle del Paradiso, Soveria Mannelli, 1996.

Abu’l-Ḥasan Ašʿari, Ketāb šajarat al-yaqin, ed.Concepcion Castillo Castillo as Tratado de escatolgia musulmana, Madrid, 1987.

Ẓāhir al-Din Muḥammad Bābor, Babur-nāma, tr. A. Beveridge, Lahore, 1987.

Jean Chardin, Voyages de M. le Chevalier Chardin en Perse et aurtres lieux de l’Orient, 10 vols., Paris, 1723.

Ḵᵛāndamir, Qānun-e homāyun, ed. M. Hedāyat Ḥosayn, Calcutta, 1940.

Ḵāqāni Šarvāni/Šervāni, Divān, ed. Żiāʾ-al-Din Saj-jādi, Tehran, n.d.

Faẓl-Allāh Ḵonji Eṣfahāni, Ṯārik-e ʿālamārā-ye amini, ed. John E. Woods, London, 1992, p. 266.

Nāṣuḥ-al-Ṣelāḥ Maṭrāqči, Bayān-e manāzel-e safar-e ʿErāqayn-e Solṭān Solaymān Ḵān, ed. Hüseyin G. Yurdaydın, Ankara, 1976.

Giovanni Battista Ramusio, Navigazioni e viaggi III, ed. M. Milanesi, Turin, 1980.

Moḥammad b. Aḥmad Qorṭobi, al-Taḏkera fi aḥwāl al-mawtā wa omur al-āḵera, Medina, n.d.

Šaraf-al-Din Khan Bedlisi, Šaraf-nāma, ed. V. Vélïaminof-Zernof as Scherefnameh ou histoire des Kurdes, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1860-62.

Mirzā Moḥammad-Ṭāher Naṣrābādi, Taḏkera-ye Naṣrābādi, ed. Ḥasan Waḥid Dastgerdi, 3rd. ed., Tehran, 1361 Š./1982.

Sehi Beg, Heşt Bihişt, Sehi Beg Teẕkiresi/Heşt Bihişt, The Teẕkire of Sehi Beg, ed. Günay Kut, Dogu Dilleri ve Edebiyatlarinin Kaynaklari 5, Cambridge, Mass., 1978.

Viaggio di un mercante che fu nella Persia [Domenico Romano] under Domenico Ramusio, Navigazioni e viaggi, ed. Marica Milanesi, 6 vols., Turin, 1978-88, III, pp. 425-74; tr. Charles Grey in A Narrative of Italian Travels in Persia in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century, London, 1873, pp. 141-207.

Giorgio Valla, De expedentis et fugiendis rebus opus, Venice, 1501. Zayn-al-Din Khan Wafāʾi Ḵᵛāfi, Ṭabaqāt-e bābori, tr. S. Hasan Askari, Delhi, 1982.

 

Studies. Miquel Asín Palacios, La escatologia musulmana en la Divina Commedia seguida de la historia y critica de una polémica, Madrid, 1961.

F. J. Dölger, “Zur Symbolik des altchristlichen Taufhauses: Des Oktogon und die Symbolik der Achtzahl. Die Inschrift des hl. Ambrosius im Baptisterium der Tekla-Kirche von Mailand,” Antike und Christentum 4/3, 1934, pp. 153-87.

M. Ferrante, “Le pavillon des Hašt Behešt, ou les Huit Paradis, à Ispahan: relevés et problèmes s’y rattachant,” in Giuseppe Zander, ed., Travaux de restauration de monuments historiques en Iran: Rapport et études prèliminaires, Rome, 1968, pp. 399-420.

André Godard, “Iṣfahān,” Athār-e Īrān 2/1, 1937, pp. 147-48.

Lisa Golombek, “From Tamerlane to the Taj Mahal,” in Abbas Daneshvari, ed., Islamic Art and Architechture in Honor of Katharina Otto-Dorn, Malibu, Calif., 1982, pp. 43-50.

Lisa Golombek and Donald Wilber, Timurid Architecture of Iran and Turan, Princeton, New Jersey, 2 vols., 1988.

Loṭf-Allāh Honarfar, Ganjina-ye āṯār-e tāriḵi-e Eṣfahān, Isfahān, 1344 Š./1965, pp. 622-26.

Mirzā Ḥosayn Khan Eṣfahāni, Joḡrāfiā-ye Eṣfahān, ed. Manučehr Sotuda, Tehran, 1342 Š./1963, pp. 25-26.

Dietrich Huff, “Architecture sassanide,” in Splendeur des Sassanides: L’Empire Perse entre Rome et la Chine, Brussels, 1993, pp. 45-61.

R. A. Jairazbhoy, “Early Garden-palaces of the Mughals,” Oriental Art, N.S. 4, 1958, pp. 68-75.

A. Khan, “Numerical Compounds in Persian,” Islamic Culture 15, 1941, pp. 91-124, esp. pp. 109-10.

Fahrettin M. Kirzioğlu, Osmanlılar’ın Kafkas-elleri fethi (1451-1590), Ankara, 1952.

Ebba Koch, “Muthamman,” EI2 VII, p. 795.

Idem, Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development (1526-1858),Munich, 1991.

Ingeborg Luschey-Schmeisser, The Pictorial Tile Cycle of Hašt Bihišt in Iṣfahān and Its Iconographic Tradition, Rome, 1978.

Gülru Neci-poğlu, Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century, New York and London, 1991.

Angelo Michele Piemontese, Gil Otto Paradisi di Amir Khusrau da Delhi: Una lezione persiana delLibro di Sindbad fonte del Peregrinaggio di Cristoforo Armeno, Atti dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Classe di Scienze Morali, Storiche e Filosofiche, Memorie 10, II, 3, Rome, 1995, pp. 315-418.

Arthur Upham Pope and Phyllis Ackerman, “Islamic Architecture: Timurid, Typical Monuments,” in in A Survey of Persian Art, 2nd ed., Tokyo, 1967, III, pp. 1144-64.

Arthur Upham Pope, “Islamic Architecture: Ṣafavid Period,” in ibid., pp. 1165-1225.

Antonio Quacquarelli, L’ogdoade e I suoi riflessi nella liturgia e nei monumentii,Quaderni di vetera Christianorum 7, Bari, 1973.

Abu’l-Qāsem Rafiʿi Meh-rābādi, Āṯār-e melli-e Eṣfahān, Tehran, 1352 Š./1973, pp. 328-39.

Moḥammad-Amin Riāḥi, Zabān o adab-e fārsi dar qalamrow-e ʿOṯmāni, Tehran, 1369 Š./1980.

Nathan Söderblom, La vie future d’après le Mazdéisme à la lumière des croyances parallèles dans d’autres religions, Paris, 1901.

Mehmed Şükrü, “Das Hešt Bihišt des Idris Bitlisi,” Der Islam 19, 1930, pp. 131-57.

John E. Woods, The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire, 2nd ed., Salt Lake City, 1999.

(Michele Bernardini)

Originally Published: December 15, 2003

Last Updated: March 20, 2012

This article is available in print.
Vol. XII, Fasc. 1, pp. 49-51