Search Results for “bregel”

• ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN SAMARQANDĪ

  Y. Bregel

  late 19th century secretary (mīrzā). A Tajik, he was a native of Samarqand. 

• ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ SOLṬĀN

  Yu. Bregel

  Shaibanid ruler of Bokhara (d. 1550).

• ČORĀS, ŠĀH-MAḤMŪD

  Robert D. McChesney

  b. Mīrzā Fāżel, historian of the 17th-century Chaghatay khanate in Moḡūlestān and hagiographer and staunch supporter of the “Black Mountain” khojas.

• ABŪ SAʿĪD KHAN

  Y. Bregel

  cousin of Šaybānī Khan and great-grandson of Uluḡ Beg in the female line, khan of the Uzbeks of Transoxania (936-40/1530-33).  

• JĀMI RUMI

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  (or Jāmi Meṣri), AḤMAD, Ottoman official, poet, and translator (fl. 10th/16th century).

• ʿABDALLĀH KHAN B. ESKANDAR

  Yu. Bregel

  Šaybānīd ruler of Transoxania (d. 1598).

• ESFEZĀRĪ, MOʿĪN-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD ZAMČĪ

  MARIA E. Subtelny

  (ca. 1446-1510), calligrapher specializing in the taʿlīq script, minor poet (pen name Nāmī), and master of the epistolary art who flourished in Herat during the reign of the Timurid Solṭān-Ḥosayn Bāyqarā.

• ʿEMĀD-al-DAWLA, Mīrzā MOḤAMMAD-ṬĀHER

  Kathryn Babayan

  WAḤĪD QAZVĪNĪ (ca. 1615-1701), poet and Safavid court historiographer for nearly three decades (1645-74).

• BŪSTĀNĪ, MĪRZĀ MOḤAMMAD

  Yuri Bregel

  ʿABD-AL-ʿAẒĪM SĀMĪ, poet and historian of Bukhara (b. ca. 1840, d. after 1914).

• ILBĀRS KHAN

  Yuri Bregel

  name of two rulers of Ḵᵛārazm in the 16th and 18th centuries: (1) Ilbārs Khan b. Buräkä (or Bürgä), from the ʿArab-šāhi (q.v.) branch of the Jochids, was the founder of the dynasty which ruled Ḵᵛārazm from 1511 to the end of the 17th century.

• MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  the classical designation for Transoxania or Transoxiana. It was defined by the early Arabic historians and geographers as the lands under Muslim control lying to the north of the middle and upper Oxus or Āmu Daryā.

• ḠĀZĀN-NĀMA

  Charles Melville

  a verse chronicle of the reign of the Il-khan Ḡāzān Khan (1295-1304), by Ḵᵛāja Nūr-al-Dīn b. Šams-al-Dīn Moḥammad Aždarī.

• GOLŠAN-E MORĀD

  John R. Perry

  a history of the Zand Dynasty (1751-94) by Mirzā Moḥammad Abu’l-Ḥasan Ḡaffāri.

• ʿABDĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ

  M. Dabīrsīāqī and B. Fragner

  (1513-80), poet.

• AWLĪĀʾALLĀH ĀMOLĪ

  W. Madelung

  the author of the history of Rūyān, Tārīḵ-e Rūyān, written about 760/1359.

• AFUŠTAʾI NAṬANZI, MAḤMUD

  Kioumars Ghereghlou

  (d. after 1599), poet and historian of the Safavid period, author of the chronicle Noqāwat al-āṯār.

• BĀTMAN

  Yu. Bregel

  a measure of weight, the same as mann but more common in Central Asia, especially in modern times. There was a great variety of bātmans in different regions and for weighing different goods.

• ABU’L-FATḤ ḤOSAYNĪ

  E. Glassen

  Shiʿite jurist, d. 976/1568-69.

• ḤĀFEẒ-E ABRU

  Maria Eva Subtelny and Charles Melville

  (d. 1430), author of many historical and historico-geographical works in Persian, which were commissioned by Šāhroḵ, the Timurid ruler of Herat during the first decades of the 15th century.

• ABU’L-ḴAYR KHAN

  Y. Bregel

  A descendant of Šïban (the younger son of Joči) and ruler of the Uzbek nomadic state in Dašt-e Qïpčaq in the 15th century.

• ABU'L-KHAYRIDS

  Yuri Bregel

  name used for the dynasty that ruled the khanate of Bukhara in 906-1007/1500-99. Until recently, this dynasty was incorrectly called in Western literature “Shaybanids” (or “Shibanids”).

• STOREY, Charles Ambrose

  Yuri Bregel

  British orientalist, author of the bio-bibliographical survey of Persian literature (1888-1968).

• BEHBŪDĪ

  Yuri Bregel

  (1875-1919), MOLLĀ MAḤMŪD ḴᵛĀJA, one of the leaders of the Jadīd movement in Central Asia in the 1900s-1910s, journalist and playwright.

• TĀRIḴ-E SISTĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  an anonymous local history in Persian of the eastern Iranian region of Sistān, the region that straddles the modern Iran-Afghanistan border. It forms a notable example of the flourishing genre of local histories in the pre-modern Iranian lands.

• HENDUŠĀH B. SANJAR

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  B. ʿABD-ALLAH SAḤEBI KIRANI, author of a Persian history  Tajāreb al-salaf (fl. first half of the 8th/14th century).

• ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ SAMARQANDĪ

  C. P. Haase

  Historian and scholar (1413-82).

• JEZYA

  Vera B. Moreen

  the poll or capitation tax levied on members of non-Muslim monotheistic faith communities (Jews, Christians, and, eventually, Zoroastrians), who fell under the protection (ḏemma) of Muslim Arab conquerors.

• BARTHOLD, VASILIĭ VLADIMIROVICH

  Yu. Bregel

  Russian orientalist (1869-1930). He was the first who put the study of the history of Central Asia on a firm scholarly basis and actually founded this branch of Oriental studies. But he never studied Central Asia in isolation.

• ʿABD-AL-KARĪM BOḴĀRĪ

  M. Zand

  Bukharan traveler and memorialist (d. after 1830-31).

• ʿARABŠĀHĪ

  Y. Bregel

  a dynasty of Chingisid origin that ruled in Ḵᵛārazm from the beginning of the 10th/16th century.

• KĀBOLI, ʿAbdallāh Ḵᵛāja

  Maria Szuppe

  (also known as Kāboli Naqšbandi and Heravi), historiographer and poet of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. 

• HISTORIOGRAPHY i. INTRODUCTION

  Elton Daniel

  Historiography, literally, is the study not of history but of the writing of history. In modern usage, this term covers a wide range of related but distinct areas of inquiry.

• FŪMANĪ, ʿABD-AL-FATTĀḤ

  Sholeh Quinn

  author of the Tārīḵ-e Gīlān, a local history of Gīlān covering the years 1517-1628.

• JOČI

  Michal Biran

  (in Persian and Turkic also Tuši, Duši, ca. 1184-1227), the eldest son of Čengiz Khan (d. 1227) and the ancestor of the khans of the Golden Horde, the westernmost Mongolian khanate.

• ṬABAQĀT-E NĀṢERI

  C. E. Bosworth

  an extensive general history composed in Persian by  b. Serāj-al-Din Jowzjāni, who for the first part of his career lived in Ḡur under the Ghurid sultans and latterly in Muslim India under the Moʿezzi or Šamsi Delhi sultans.

• EBN AL-BALḴĪ

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  conventional name for an otherwise unknown author of Fārs-nāma, a local history and geography of the province of Fārs written in Persian during the Saljuq period.

• BĪGĀR

  Yuri Bregel

  and BĪGĀRĪ, a term of taxation in Iran and Central Asia, generally meaning “corvıe,” the duty of supplying workers without pay, such as for the construction and repair of irrigation systems, roads, and public buildings.

• FAŻĀʾEL-E BALḴ

  Arezou Azad

  13th-century local history from Balḵ in eastern Khorasan, with a collection of biographies of Balḵ’s early Islamic scholars and mystics. It differs from many other local histories of medieval Islamic cities in that it comprises a mix of historical, topographical, and prosopographical information.

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• BADAḴŠĪ, MOLLĀ SHAH

  H. Algar

  (also known as Shah Moḥammad; 1584-1661), a mystic and writer of the Qāderī order, given both to the rigorous practice of asceticism and to the ecstatic proclamation of theopathic sentiment.

• ČARḴĪ, Mawlānā Yaʿqūb

  Hamid Algar

  an early shaikh of the Naqšbandī order and author of several works in Persian (d. 851/1447).

• ḤESĀR (1)

  Yuri Bregel

  region in the eastern part of Transoxania, in the upper course of the Sorḵān Daryā (medieval Čaḡānrud) and the Kāfernehān.

• ĀL-E AFRĀSĪĀB (1)

  C. E. Bosworth

  a minor Iranian Shiʿite dynasty of Māzandarān in the Caspian coastlands that flourished in the late medieval, pre-Safavid period.

• MANGHITS

  ANKE VON KÜGELGEN

  self-denomination of Mongol and Turkic tribes which played an eminent role in the Golden Horde.

• ʿĀLAMĀRĀ-YE ŠĀH ESMĀʿĪL

  R. McChesney

  an anonymous narrative of the life of Shah Esmāʿīl (r. 907-30/1501-24), the founder of the Safavid dynasty in Iran.

• BUKHARA iv. Khanate of Bukhara and Khorasan

  Yuri Bregel

  The first distinctive political separation of Transoxania from Persia took place in 873/1469 when the Timurid empire was finally divided into two independent states, Transoxania and Khorasan, ruled by the descendants of Abū Saʿd and ʿOmar Shaikh, respectively.

• BUKHARA viii. Historiography of the Khanate, 1500-1920

  Anke von Kügelgen

  About 70 extant works of Persian historiography focus on the politics of the Shïbanid–Abulkhayrid (Shaybanid) dynasty (r. 1500-99), the Janids (also known as Toqay-Timurids or Ashtarkhanids, r. 1599-1747), and the Manḡïts (r. 1747-1920).

• BAYHAQ

  C. E. Bosworth

  a rural area (rostāq) of medieval Khorasan, between the district of Nīšāpūr and the eastern borders of Qūmes, and its town, also known as Sabzavār.

• ABU’L-ḤASAN GOLESTĀNA

  R. D. McChesney

  vizier of Kermānšāhān and chronicler of post-Afsharid Iran.

• ḴĀTUNĀBĀDI, MIR ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN

  Kioumars Ghereghlou

  (1630-94), Persian historian and author of the chronicle Waqāyeʿ al-senin wa’l-aʿwām.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY v. TIMURID PERIOD

  Maria Szuppe

  Timurid historiography is firmly rooted within the Persian literary tradition of official court histories of the post-Mongol period.

• GARDĪZĪ, ABŪ SAʿĪD ʿABD-al-ḤAYY

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  b. Żaḥḥāk b. Maḥmūd, Persian historian of the early 5th/11th century. He was clearly connected with the Ghaznavid court and administration and close to the sultans.

• SEBÜKTEGIN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  a slave commander of the Samanids and the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty in eastern Afghanistan.

• FAŻLĪ NAMANGĀNĪ, ʿABD-AL-KARĪM

  Michael Zand

  (d. after 1822), Central Asian bilingual poet (Persian and Chaghatay), taḏkera compiler, and historian.

• EṢFAHĀNI, MOḤAMMAD MAʿṢUM

  Kioumars Ghereghlou

  (ca. 1597-ca. 1647), Safavid bureaucrat and historian, whose history entitled the Ḵolāṣat al-siar chronicles the reign of Shah Ṣafi.

• ATĀʾĪYA ORDER

  D. DeWeese

  a branch of the Yasavīya Sufi brotherhood especially active in Ḵᵛārazm from the 8th/14th century.

• BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND CATALOGUES i. In the West

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  European interest in Iranian bibliography was awakened in the 16th and early 17th centuries, when manuscripts were brought to the West in ever-increasing numbers and became much sought after by humanists engaged in Oriental studies.

• ḴORŠĀH B. QOBĀD ḤOSEYNI, NEẒĀM-AL-DIN

  Kioumars Ghereghlou

  a Hyderabad-based diplomat and historian of Iranian descent best known for his composition of a universal chronicle in Persian in the name of the Qoṭbšāhi ruler, Ebrāhim (r. 1550-80).

• AFŻAL AL-TAWĀRIK

  Charles Melville

  title of a chronicle of the Safavid dynasty, composed by Fażli b. Zayn-al-ʿĀbedin b. Ḵᵛāja Ruḥ-Allāh Ḵuzāni Eṣfahāni.

• IVANOV, PAVEL PETROVICH

  Yuri Bregel

  (1893-1942), scholar in Central Asian studies at the Institute of Oriental Studies (Institut Vostokovedeniya) of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. His book Arkhiv khivinskikh khanov XIX v. (1940) contains detailed description of 137 documents, mostly tax registers (daftars), written in Čaḡatay.

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• TAJIK i. THE ETHNONYM: ORIGINS AND APPLICATION

  John Perry

  The Tajiks are an Iranian people, speaking a variety of Persian, concentrated in the Oxus Basin, the Farḡāna valley (Tajikistan and parts of Uzbekistan) and on both banks of the upper Oxus.

• ANDIJAN UPRISING

  Anke von Kuegelgen

  On the night of 9 Muḥarram 1316/30 May 1898, a group of about 2,000 poorly armed men attacked the 4th and 5th Russian Companies on the outskirts of Andijan under the leadership of the Naqšbandi Sufi Shaykh Dukči Išān (Muḥammad ʿAli Madali, ca. 1856-1898). 

• HISTORIOGRAPHY xii. CENTRAL ASIA

  Yuri Bregel

  The first Persian historical work produced in Central Asia (Transoxiana, Ḵʷārazm, Farḡāna, and Eastern Turkestan) was the 10th-century translation of the history of Ṭabari.

• ʿOTBI, ABU NAṢR MOḤAMMED

  Ali Anooshahr

  (ca. 961-1036 or 1040), secretary, courtier, and author of the Arabic al-Kitāb al-Yamini, an important dynastic history of the Ghaznavids.

• KERMAN v. HISTORY FROM THE ISLAMIC CONQUEST TO THE COMING OF THE MONGOLS

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  The Armenian geography written in the second half of the 8th century and traditionally attributed to Moses of Khoren places Kerman in the southern quarter of the Sasanian empire.

• EBN ESFANDĪĀR, BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD

  Charles Melville

  b. Ḥasan, historian, probably from Āmol, who flourished around the turn of the 13th century.

• SAYFI QAZVINI

  Kioumars Ghereghlou

  (1481-1555), a Persian historian best known for his Lobb al-tawāriḵ, a chronicle dealing with the dynastic history of Iran from ancient times until the late 1540s.

• LITHOGRAPHY i. IN PERSIA

  Olimpiada P. Shcheglova

  The first lithographic printing press was brought to Persia in 1821 from Tiflis (Tbilisi), on the orders of the Crown Prince, ʿAbbās Mirzā. The Persian painter Allāhverdi who had studied lithography there, returned to Tabriz in March 1821 with a complete set of lithographic equipment.

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• BUKHARA iii. After the Mongol Invasion

  Yuri Bregel

  conquered by Chingiz Khan on 10 February 1220, and the citadel fell twelve days later. All the inhabitants were driven out, their property pillaged, and the city burned; the defenders of the citadel were slaughtered.

• AḤRĀR, ḴᵛĀJA ʿOBAYDALLĀH

  J. M. Rogers

  (806-96/1404-90), influential Naqšbandī of Transoxania.

• KAŠMIRI, BADR-AL-DIN

  Devin Deweese

  a prolific writer active in Central Asia during the second half of the 16th century; he was closely linked with the eminent Juybāri shaikhs of Boḵārā.

• JĀMEʿ AL-TAWĀRIḴ

  Charles Melville

  (The Compendium of chronicles), historical work composed in 1300-10 by Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh Ṭabib Hamadāni, vizier to the Mongol Il-khans Ḡāzān and Öljeitü.

• ILAK-KHANIDS

  Michal Biran

  (or Qara-khanids), the first Muslim Turkic dynasty that ruled in Central Asia from the Tarim basin to the Oxus river, from the mid-late 10th century until the beginning of the 13th.

• CENTRAL ASIA vii. In the 18th-19th Centuries

  Yuri Bregel

  By the beginning of the 12th/18th century Central Asia was in a state of a deepening political and economic crisis.

• SOGDIANA ii. Historical Geography

  Pavel Lurje

  accounts of the cities and regions of Sogdiana.

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• BĀYSONḠOR, ḠĪĀṮ-AL-DĪN

  H. R. Roemer

  B. ŠĀHROḴ B. TĪMŪR (1397-1433), Timurid prince who played an important role as a statesman and a patron of art and architecture and was himself a first-class calligrapher.

• JUYBĀRIS

  R. D. McChesney

  prominent Bukharan family dynasty, whose leading social position lasted more than 500 years. One of the foundations of the family’s status was spiritual.

• JAHĀNGOŠĀ-YE JOVAYNI

  Charles Melville

  TĀRIḴ-E, title of the history of the Mongols composed in 1252-60 by the Il-khanid Persian vizier, ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Abu’l-Moẓaffar ʿAṭā-Malek Jovayni.

• PERSIAN AUTHORS OF ASIA MINOR PART 1

  Tahsin Yazıcı (prep. Osman G. Özgüdenlı)

  Several Saljuqs of Rum (Anatolia) chose Iranian names such as Kaykāvus and Kayḵosrov and even made Persian the official language of state and court.

• PERSIAN MANUSCRIPTS i. IN OTTOMAN AND MODERN TURKISH LIBRARIES

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  These are from four sources: (1) those written, translated, and copied in Anatolia; (2) those brought into Anatolia by immigrant scholars; (3) those brought by traders; 4) those brought as war booty.

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• PERSIAN AUTHORS OF ASIA MINOR PART 2

  Tahsin Yazıcı (prep. Osman G. Özgüdenlı)

  bibliography of major Persian authors of Asia Minor.

• QARĀ ḴEṬĀY

  István Vásáry

  western branch of the Mongolic Qitans, who ruled China as the Liao from 907 to 1124.

• BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND CATALOGUES ii. In Iran (continued)

  Aḥmad Monzawī and ʿAlī Naqī Monzawī

  fehrest (lit. list, index).  The word has now generally been superseded in Persian by ketāb-šenāsī.

• EXCAVATIONS iii. In Central Asia

  B. A. LitvinskiĬ

  Archeological and architectural monuments of Central Asia are mentioned in reports from the 18^th and early 19^th centuries. Major archaeological work began only after the Russian conquest of the region; it was first done by amateurs, in particular military officers.

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• IRAN viii. PERSIAN LITERATURE (2) Classical

  CHARLES-HENRI DE FOUCHÉCOUR

  We will pay special attention to the early formation and origins of different literary genres in Persian works, even though the very notion of literary genres is somewhat arbitrary and a subject of continuing debate.