Search Results for “Bayazid Bastami”

• BESṬĀMĪ, BĀYAZĪD

  Hamid Algar

  [Basṭāmī], ABŪ MOḤAMMAD BĀYAZĪD b. ʿEnāyat-Allāh, a 16th-century faqīh and Sufi of Khorasan.

• BASṬĀM, BASṬĀMĪ

  cross-reference

  See BESṬĀM, BESṬĀMĪ FAMILY.

• BESṬĀMĪ, ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN

  Hamid Algar

  [Basṭāmī], SHAIKH (d. 1405), a Sufi of Herat during the Timurid period.

• ABU YAZĪD BESṬĀMI

  Cross-Reference

  See BESṬĀMĪ, BĀYAZĪD.

• BESṬĀMĪ, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN

  Hamid Algar

  b. Moḥammad b. ʿAlī [Basṭāmī], al-Ḥanafī, al-Ḥorūfī (d.1454), Ottoman polymath of Khorasanian ancestry.

• Banān - Kasi ke dar sar-e u

  music sample

• ḤASAN-ʿALI BEG BESṬĀMI

  Ernest Tucker

  one of Nāder Shah’s closest associates, who held the title moʿayyer al-mamālek or “chief assayer” and played an important advisory role throughout Nāder’s reign.

• BAYAZIT

  R. W. Edwards

  (Bāyazīd; Osm. Bayezid), a stronghold located three kilometers southeast of the modern village of Doğubayazit, Turkey, and approximately twenty-five kilometers southwest of Mt. Ararat, important in the defense of Anatolia against invasion from Iran.

• BESṬĀMĪ, BĀYAZĪD

  Gerhard Böwering

  [Basṭāmī] (Abū Yazīd Ṭayfūr b. ʿĪsā b. Sorūšān), early (9th-century) Muslim mystic of Iran. Much of his fame is owing to ecstatic utterances, which he was the first to employ consistently as expressions of Sufi experience.

• FORŪGĪ BESṬĀMĪ, ʿABBĀS

  Heshmat Moayyad

  or BASṬĀMĪ (b. Karbalā, 1798; d. Tehran, 1857), 19th-century poet.

• DŪST-MOḤAMMAD MOṢAWWER

  Chahryar Adle

  (d. ca. 1560), master painter, known in the Indo-Persian world and even among the Ottomans as a painter (moṣawwer), paper cutter (qāṭeʿ), calligraphic tracer/outliner (moḥarrer), and perhaps binder (saḥḥāf) and gilder (moḏahheb).

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• DĀMḠĀNĪ (2)

  Sheila S. Blair

  nesba of a father and two sons from Dāmḡān who worked as engineers, builders, and stucco carvers in the early 14th century.

• BESṬĀM (3)

  Chahryar Adle

  or Basṭām, a small town in the medieval Iranian province of Qūmes and modern Ostān-e Semnān. It is located in a large valley on the southern foothills of the Alborz.

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• ḠOBĀRI, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN

  Tahsİn Yazici

  b. ʿAbd-Allāh (d. 1566), Ottoman poet, calligrapher, and Sufi who wrote in both Turkish and Persian.

• ʿALĪ B. OWAYS

  J. M. Smith, Jr.

  Jalayerid prince usually known as Šāhzāda Shaikh ʿAlī, one of the five sons of Oways I (r. 1356-74).

• JEMĀLI

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  Ottoman poet and writer of the 15th century.

• ḤAYĀTI, ABDÜLHAY

  Tahsin Yazici

  or ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy, 15th century poet who wrote a series of Turkish poems modeled on Neẓāmi’s Ḵamsa.

• ABU’L-ḤASAN ḴARAQĀNĪ

  H. Landolt

  (352-425/963-1033), Sufi shaikh of Ḵaraqān, some 20 km north of Basṭām in Khorasan.

• ʿALĪ BESṬĀMĪ

  D. M. MacEoin

  early Bābī ʿālem and member of the ḥorūf al-ḥayy or sābeqūn, the first followers of the Bāb.

• AMRĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ

  I. K. Poonawala

  (d. 999/1590-91 [?], poet and Sufi from Kūhpāya, a village near Isfahan.

• ČĀLDERĀN

  Michael J. McCaffrey

  battle of, an engagement fought near Ḵᵛoy in northwestern Azerbaijan on 23 August 1514, resulting in a decisive victory for the Ottoman forces under Sultan Salīm I over the Safavids led by Shah Esmāʿīl I. No single event prompted Salīm’s decision to wage war. It was the direct and inevitable result of the establishment of the Safavid state.

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• JEM SOLṬĀN

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  (or Šāhzāda Jem, 1459-1495), Ottoman prince and poet.

• ḤĀFEẒ-E ʿAJAM

  Tahsin Yazıcı

  HĀFEẒ-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD, scholar of religion and author, renowned for his ability to write with speed and in an attractive style.

• ḤALIMI, LOṬF-ALLĀH

  Tahsin Yazici

  b. Abi Yusof, an Ottoman poet and lexicographer of Persian origin (d. 1516).

• GOLŠANI ṢĀRUḴĀNI

  Tahsin Yazici

  a 15th-century Turkish poet who also wrote in Persian.

• KEMĀḴ

  Hurivash Ahmadi Dastgerdi and EIr.

  a town and fortress in eastern Anatolia that was often involved in the border wars of the early Islamic period.

• FAŻLĪ, MEḤMED

  Tahsın Yazici

  (b. Istanbul; d. Kütahya, 1563), Moḥammad or ʿAlī ÇAĞDAŞLAN; Turkish poet, known also as Qara Fażlī.

• AMASYA, PEACE OF

  M. Köhbach

  (8 Raǰab 962/29 May 1555), treaty signed between Iran and the Ottomans and observed for some twenty years.

• BEDLĪSĪ, ḤAKĪM-AL-DĪN EDRĪS

  Cornell H. Fleischer

  B. ḤOSĀM-AL-DĪN ʿALĪ, MAWLĀNĀ (d. 1520), scholar, his­torian, poet, and statesman under the Ottoman Sultan Salīm I (r. 1512-20).

• DĪV SOLṬĀN

  Roger M. Savory

  title of ʿALĪ BEG RŪMLŪ, a qezelbāš officer first mentioned at the battle of Šarūr (1501), in which the Safavid Esmāʿīl I defeated the Āq Qoyūnlū prince Alvand.

• EXEGESIS vii. In Bahaism

  Todd Lawson

  importance of Koranic exegesis (tafsīr) and interpretation (taʾwīl)—a somewhat arbitrary distinction—for the Bābī and Bahai religions may be gathered from the fact that the inception of the former is dated to the commencement of a work of scriptural interpretation, namely the Bāb’s Tafsīr sūrat Yūsof, and that, in many ways, the most important work in the Bahai canon is the Ketāb-e īqān by Bahāʾ-Allāh.

• ČELEBĪ, FATḤ-ALLĀH ʿĀREF

  Tahsin Yazici

  10th/16th-century poet and author of a Šāh-nāma (Solaymān-nāma) extolling the Ottoman rulers.

• ʿABDALLĀH KHAN UZBEK

  M. H. Siddiqi

  Mughal noble and general and also briefly an autonomous ruler (10th/16th century).

• FIGUEROA, GARCÍA DE SILVA Y

  Michele Bernardini

  (b. Zafra, 1550; d. at sea returning from Persia, 1624), Spanish diplomat and traveler.

• ABŪ SAʿĪD ABI’L-ḴAYR

  G. Böwering

  famous Iranian mystic, born 1 Moḥarram 357/7 December 967 at Mēhana, a small town in Khorasan, about fifty miles west of Saraḵs, and died there 4 Šaʿbān 440/12 January 1049.

• ARZENJĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  or ERZENJĀN, a town of northeastern Anatolia.

• AḤMAD-E ḴĀNI

  F. Shakely

  (1061-1119/1650-1707), a distinguished Kurdish poet, mystic, scholar, and intellectual who is regarded by some as the founder of Kurdish nationalism.

• KAMĀL PĀŠĀ-ZĀDA, ŠAMS-AL-DIN AḤMAD

  T. Yazici

  (1468-1534), prolific Ottoman scholar, author of several works in and on Persian. A native of Edirne, he studied under the local mufti, Mollā Loṭfi, and subsequently taught at the madrasas of Edirne, Uskup (Skoplje) and Istanbul.

• BAḠDĀDI FAMILY

  Kamran Ekbal

  designation of an Arab family of a Bābi, Shaikh Moḥammad Šebl, and his Bahai progeny, his son Moḥammad-Moṣṭafā Baḡdādi, and the latter’s sons, Żiāʾ Mabsuṭ Baḡdādi and Ḥosayn Eqbāl.

• ANGIOLELLO, GIOVANNI MARIA

  A. M. Piemontese

  (or DEGLI ANGIOLELLO) (1451-ca. 1525), Venetian adventurer, merchant, and author of an important historical report on the Aq Qoyunlū and early Safavid Persia.

• ḤĀFEẒ EṢFAHĀNI

  Parviz Mohebbi

  Mawlānā Moḥammad, known as Moḵtareʿ (inventor), 15th-16th century engineer, summoned by the Timurid court of Sultan Ḥosayn Bāyqarā to construct a clock after a European model.

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• CLAVIJO, RUY GONZÁLEZ DE

  Beatrice Forbes Manz and Margaret L. Dunaway

  (d. 2 April 1412), ambassador from King Henry III of Castile and Leon to Tīmūr in the years 805-08/1403-06 and author of an important travel account.

• AʿẒAM KHAN

  ʿA. Ḥabībī

  the fifth son of Amir Dōst Moḥammad Khan and the third amir of the Moḥammadzay line, ruler of Afghanistan in 1284/1867-1285/1868.

• FOŻŪLĪ, MOḤAMMAD

  Eir

  b. Solaymān (ca. 1480-1556), widely regarded as the greatest lyric poet in Azerbayjani Turkish, who also wrote extensively in Arabic and Persian.

• DEYLAMĪ, ABUʾL-ḤASAN ʿALĪ

  Gerhard BÖWERING

  b. Moḥammad (fl. 10th century), an obscure yet important author on the early Persian Sufism prevalent in Fārs.

• ḴᵛĀJU KERMĀNI

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  (1290-ca. 1349), Persian poet and mystic. Ḵᵛāju was undoubtedly a versatile poet of great inventiveness and originality.

• JALAYERIDS

  Peter Jackson

  (sometimes called the Ilakāni by Persian historians), a dynasty of Mongol origin which ruled over Iraq, and for several decades also over north-western Persia, from the collapse of the Il-khanate in the late 1330s until the early 15th century.

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• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ iii. And Sufism

  Hamid Algar

  all the Sufi orders claim initiatic descent from the Prophet exclusively through ʿAli b. Abi Ṭāleb, the first imam of the Ahl al-Bayt, and many speak also of a selselat al-ḏahab (golden chain), linking them with all of the first eight of the Twelve Imams.

• CAPITALS

  Wolfram Kleiss

  in architectural terminology, tran­sitional elements between weight-bearing supports (see COLUMNS) and the roofs or vaults supported. The development of the capital began in Assyria, when a tree trunk was inserted in the earth with another trunk or branch laid in the fork to carry the roof construction.

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• TAḎKERAT al-AWLIĀʾ

  Mohammad Esteʿlami

  (Saints’ Lives), a hagiographic account of the sayings and miraculous deeds (karāmāts) of eminent sufis and other religious figures from the early Islamic centuries.

• DAŠTAKĪ, GĪĀṮ-AL-DĪN

  Andrew J. Newman

  b. Ṣadr-al-Dīn Moḥammad Šīrāzī Ḥosaynī (1462-1541), scholar, philosopher, and motakallem (theologian) of the late Timurid and early Safavid period, and, for a brief interval under Shah Ṭahmāsb, one of two ṣadrs (chief clerical overseers).

• KAZERUN iii. Old Kazerun Dialect

  ʿAlī Ašraf Ṣādeqī

  The old dialect of the city of Kazerun was commonly used by the local people up to around the 14th-15th centuries. 

• MARTYRS, BABI

  Peter Smith and Moojan Momen

  adherents of the Babi religion who were killed for their faith during the period up to about 1866, when the Bahai faith emerged.

• ḤABIB EṢFAHĀNI

  Tahsin Yazıcı

  (1835-93), MIRZĀ, Iranian poet, grammarian, and translator, who spent much of his life in exile in Ottoman Turkey; noted for his Persian grammar, Dastur-e Soḵan, regarded as the first systematic grammar of the Persian language and a model for many later works.

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• ASTARĀBĀDĪ, FAŻLALLĀH

  H. Algar

  (d. 796/1394), founder of the Ḥorūfī religion.

• CANDLESTICKS

  Linda Komaroff

  from the late 6th/12th through the early 10th/16th century one of the most common types of implement produced as a luxury metalware in Iran. Their form, decoration, and epigraphic program reflect contemporary trends in Iranian metalwork.

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• HOMĀYUN PĀDEŠĀH

  Wheeler M. Thackston

  (1508–56), NĀṢER-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD, second Mughal emperor in Kabul and northern India, and the succesor to Bābor.

• JAWĀHER-E ḴAMSA

  Carl W. Ernst

  title of a Persian work on Sufi meditation practices composed by the well-known and controversial Šaṭṭārī saint, Moḥammad Ḡawṯ Gwāleyārī (1500-1563).

• ʿAJĀʾEB AL-MAQDŪR

  U. Nashashibi

  (“The wondrous turns of fate in the vicissitudes of Tīmūr”), a history of the life and conquests of Tīmūr (1336-1405).

• DAVĀNĪ, JALĀL-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD

  Andrew J. Newman

  b. Asʿad Kāzerūnī Ṣeddīqī (b. Davān, q.v., near Kāzerūn in Fārs, 1426-27, d. 1502), often referred to as ʿAllāma Davānī, leading theologian, philosopher, jurist, and poet of late 15th-century Persia.

• HOJVIRI, ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALI

  Gerhard Böwering

  B. ʿOṮMĀN B. ʿALI AL-ḠAZNAVI AL-JOLLĀBI (d. ca. 1071-72), author of the Kašf al-maḥjub, the most celebrated early Persian Sufi treatise.

• RUMI, JALĀL-AL-DIN viii. Rumi’s Teachings

  Jawid Mojaddedi

  His didactic poem, the Maṯnawi and his main prose work, the Fihe mā fihe represent the last two decades of his life, constituting the most substantial sources for his teachings without need for recourse to his many biographies.

• BAYRAM KHAN

  N. H. Ansari

  (or BAYRĀM) KHAN, Moḥammad Ḵān(-e) Ḵānān (d. 1561), an illustrious and powerful Iranian noble at the court of the Mughal emperors Homāyūn and Akbar.

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (9) Arabic

  Gernot Windfuhr

  Most extensive was the Arab settlement in eastern Iran and Greater Khorasan (including northwestern Afghanistan, and Central Asia, including Marv and Bukhara).

• BOUNDARIES v. With Turkey

  Richard N. Schofield

  The Mixed Commission of 1914, on which Britain and Russia were vested with powers to arbitrate, had settled the line of the Perso-Ottoman frontier in detail for almost its whole length from the Persian Gulf to Mount Ararat.

• ANTONY, MARK

  M. L. Chaumont

  Roman general (ca. 82-30 B.C.). Following the defeat of Crassus at Carrhae (Ḥarrān) in 53 B.C., the Roman leadership sought a war of revenge. Mark Antony became master of the East through a pact with Octavian (the future Augustus)  in 40 B.C., he began preparations for a campaign against the Parthians.

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• ḴĀQĀNI ŠERVĀNI i. Life

  Anna Livia Beelaert

  (1127-1186/1199), major Persian poet and prose writer.

• ḎEKR

  Gerhard Böwering, Moojan Momen

  lit., “remembrance”; the act of reminding oneself of God.

• KAŠF AL-ẒONUN

  Kioumars Ghereghlou

  (“Unveiling of suppositions”), a major bibliographical dictionary in Arabic, composed by Kāteb Čelebi Moṣṭafā b. ʿAbd-Allāh, also known as Ḥāji Ḵalifa (1609-57).

• KĀZARUNIYA

  Hamid Algar

  a Sufi order (ṭariqat) so named after Abu Esḥāq Kāzaruni, alternatively designated as Esḥāqiya, especially in Turkey, or more rarely as Moršediya.

• AYRARAT

  R. H. Hewsen

  region of central Armenia in the broad plain of the upper Araxes.

• MORGENSTIERNE, Georg Valentin von Munthe af

  Fridrick Thordarson

  Norwegian linguist and orientalist, specializing in Indo-Iranian languages, particularly those spoken in Afghanistan, the Pamirs, and the northwest of the Indian subcontinent (1892-1978).

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• ḴĀLEQI, RUḤ-ALLĀH

  Hormoz Farhat

  (1906-1965),  Persian music educator, composer, and music scholar. Through his teaching, admiration for the polyphonic richness of Western music was transmitted to some of his pupils.

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• IL-KHANIDS iv. Ceramics

  Peter Morgan

  This entry deals with glazed wares and tiles of the so-called “Sultanabad” (Solṭānābād) group, lajvardina (< Pers. lājvard “lapis lazuli”) wares, and luster wares produced in the Il-khanid period. The period extends from the fall of Baghdad in 1258 to the last dated luster tiles made in 1339.

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• ʿABD-AL-QODDŪS GANGŌHĪ

  B. B. Lawrence

  Indo-Muslim saint and litterateur (d. 1537).

• ENSĀN-E KĀMEL

  Gerhard Böwering

  lit. "the Perfect Human Being"; a key idea in the philosophy and ethics of Islamic mysticism.

• KAMĀL-AL-DIN EṢFAHĀNI

  David Durand-Guédy

  poet from Isfahan, noted for his mastery of the panegyric. His full name is given by Ebn al-Fowaṭi as Kamāl-al-Din Abu’l-Fażl Esmāʿil b. Abi Moḥammad ʿAbd-Allāh b. ʿAbd-al-Razzāq al-Eṣfahāni.

• BAQĀʾ WA FANĀʾ

  G. Böwering

  Sufi term signifying “subsistence and passing away,” that is, passing away from worldly reality and being made subsistent in divine reality.

• JALĀYER, ESMĀʿIL KHAN

  Manouchehr Broomand

  a prominent painter of the Qajar era, during the reign of Nāṣer-al-Din Shah (r. 1848-96). He was  noted for his work in the genres of irāni-sāzi (Iranian subjects, relatively unaffected by European influences) and ṭabiʿat-sāzi (fauna and flora in a European naturalistic mode).

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• HALICARNASSUS

  Bruno Genito

  ancient town of Caria, near the present-day city of Bodrum in Turkey, once seat of a kingdom which was a tributary of Persia.

• HAŠT BEHEŠT (2)

  Michele Bernardini

  (lit: “the Eight Heavens, the Eight paradises”), a cosmological concept used on several occasions as the title of literary works, or as the name of a particular architectural form in Persian, Turkish, and Indian contexts.

• ʿABD-AL-ṢAMAD ŠĪRĀZĪ

  P. P. Soucek

  A painting recently in the art market bears an inscription stating it was painted by ʿAbd-al-Ṣamad during his 85th year, despite failing health, as a keepsake for his son (Moḥammad) Šarīf. Still active in 1008/1600, he appears to have died before the accession of Jahāngīr in 1014/1605.

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• ʿAJĀʾEB AL-MAḴLŪQĀT

  C. E. Bosworth, I. Afshar

  (“The marvels of created things”), the name of a genre of classical Islamic literature and, in particular, of a work by Zakarīyāʾ b. Moḥammad Qazvīnī.

• ASTARĀBĀD

  C. E. Bosworth, S. Blair

  (or ESTERĀBĀD), the older Islamic name for the modern town of Gorgān in northeastern Iran, and also the name of an administrative province in Qajar times.

• ʿAYN-AL-QOŻĀT HAMADĀNĪ

  G. Böwering

  (492/1098-526/1131), brilliant mystic philosopher and Sufi martyr.

• EBLĪS

  Hamid Algar

  a Koranic designation for the devil in Persian Sufi Tradition, derived ultimately from the Greek diabolos.

• FORGERIES iv. OF ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPTS

  Francis Richard

  Manuscripts in Arabic script have been forged or tampered with to enhance the value of a manuscript and to prove its antiquity.

• INDIA xvi. INDO-PERSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

  Stephen F. Dale

  Historical works in Persian began to appear in India in the era of the Delhi Sultanate during the late 13th to 14th centuries.

• ḴĀNAQĀH

  Gerhard Böwering and Matthew Melvin-Koushki

  an Islamic institution and physical establishment, principally reserved for Sufi dervishes to meet, reside, study, and assemble and pray together as a group in the presence of a Sufi master (Arabic, šayḵ, Persian, pir), who is teacher, educator, and leader of the group.

• KĀẒEM RAŠTI

  Armin Eschraghi

  (d. 1844), student and successor of Shaikh Aḥmad b. Zayn-al-Din Aḥsāʾi and head of the Šayḵi movement.  The main sources for Rašti’s biography are some of his own works which contain autobiographical information.

• FORGERIES i. INTRODUCTION

  Abolala Soudavar

  Early in the Islamic era, Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī described in his al-Aṯār al-bāqīa how emergent Islamic rulers of Persia had forged their lineage and invented connections with previous dynasties in order to affirm their own legitimacy.

• ʿABDALLĀH ANṢĀRĪ

  S. de Laugier de Beaureceuil

  Outstanding commentator of the Koran, traditionist, polemicist, and spiritual master (5th/11th century).

• ʿERFĀN (1)

  Gerhard Böwering

  lit. "knowledge"; Islamic theosophy.

• MEʿRĀJ i. DEFINITION

  Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi

  Derived from the Arabic instrumental form mefʿāl, the term meʿrāj means “instrument of ascension,” either a “ladder” or a “stairway;” it can also designate the place one revolves or from where one climbs. However, in a technical sense and often accompanied by the article al-, it designates “heavenly or celestial ascent,” more specifically that which Muslim tradition attributes to the Prophet Mohammad, an ascension soon associated with the “nocturnal or night journey” (esrāʾ) of the latter.

• ʿARAB iv. Arab tribes of Iran

  P. Oberling and B. Hourcade

  Estimates of the Arabic-speaking population of Iran range from 200,000 (1957) to 650,000 (1960). In present-day Iran there are still many families and tribes whose Arab origin can be traced.

• QĀSEMI-e ḤOSAYNI-e GONĀBĀDI

  Jaʿfar Šojāʿ Keyhāni

  poet and scholar of the Safavid period.

• HADITH v. AS INFLUENCED BY IRANIAN IDEAS AND PRACTICES

  Shaul Shaked

  The contact of Arabia with ancient Iran started even before Islam, and there are definite traces of the presence of Iranian religious notions in the Koran.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY xiv. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

  Sara Nur Yildiz

  Ottoman historical works composed in Persian occupy an important place in the corpus of court-oriented Ottoman historical writing of the early and classical periods.

• MAḴDUM ŠARIFI ŠIRĀZI

  Kioumars Ghereghlou

  (1540-41 to 1587), Sunni bureaucrat and polemicist; he held office as ṣadr or minister of religious affairs and endowments at the court of Shah Esmāʿil II Ṣafawi, and eventually fled to the Ottoman Empire.

• OTTOMAN-PERSIAN RELATIONS i. UNDER SULTAN SELIM I AND SHAH ESMĀʿIL I

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

   The dynamics of Ottoman-Safavid relations during these almost contemporaneous reigns (1512-20 and 1501-24, respectively) are closely connected with the general socio-political and socio-religious conditions in Anatolia, Persia, and the border regions between the two empires since the second half of the 15th century.

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