Table of Contents

  • FOREIGN EXCHANGE

    Cross-reference

    See ECONOMY.

  • FOREIGN POLICY

    Cross-Reference

    See FOREIGN AFFAIRS; ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS; ANGLO-PERSIAN AGREEMENT of 1919; ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR; ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION of 1907; and under individual countries and treaties.

  • FORESTS AND FORESTRY

    Multiple Authors

    i. Forests and Forestry in Persia. ii. Forests and Forestry in Afghanistan.

  • FORESTS AND FORESTRY i. In Persia

    Eckart Ehlers

    Less than 2 percent of Persia is covered by forests, while another 8 to 9 percent may be regarded as depleted former forest areas. Altogether, 150-160,000 km² are, or have been, densely forested areas.

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  • FORESTS AND FORESTRY ii. In Afghanistan

    Cross-Reference

    See AFGHANISTAN xiii.

  • FORGERIES

    Multiple Authors

    forgeries of art objects and manuscripts. i. Introduction. ii. Of Pre-Islamic Art Objects. iii. Of Islamic Art. iv. Of Manuscripts.

  • FORGERIES i. INTRODUCTION, ii. OF PRE-ISLAMIC ART OBJECTS

    Abolala Soudavar, Oscar White Muscarella

    Early in the Islamic era, Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī described in his al-Aṯār al-bāqīa how emergent Islamic rulers of Persia had forged their lineage and invented connections with previous dynasties in order to affirm their own legitimacy.

  • FORGERIES iii. OF ISLAMIC ART, iv. OF ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPTS

    Sheila S. Blair, Francis Richard

    Medieval Arabic and Persian literature contain numerous anecdotes about the forging of manuscripts, but it was only in the late 19th century that forging Persian works of Islamic art became a widespread phenomenon.

  • FORṢAT-AL-DAWLA

    Manouchehr Kasheff

    (1854-1920), pen name of the poet, scholar, and artist Mīrzā Moḥammad-Naṣīr Ḥosaynī Šīrāzī. In 1908 he was appointed the first director of the Shiraz branch of the Department of Education. In Fārs he arranged for the establishment of modern schools and for the education of tribal children.

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  • FORTIFICATIONS

    Wolfram Kleiss

    The present article deals with the fortified passages and defenses that are implied under the term bārū. Certain passes in Persia still feature barriers going back to the Achaemenid period. 

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