Table of Contents

• ḎU’L-JANĀḤ

  Jean Calmard

  Imam Ḥosayn’s winged horse, known from popular literature and rituals.

• ḎU’L-LESĀNAYN

  Hamid Algar

  lit. “possessor of two tongues”; epithet often bestowed upon bilingual poets.

• ḎU’L-NŪN MEṢRĪ, ABU’L-FAYŻ ṮAWBĀN

  Gerhard Böwering

  b. Ebrāhīm (b. Aḵmīm in Upper Egypt, ca. 791, d. Jīza [Giza], between 859 and 862), early Sufi master.

• ḎU’L-QADR

  Pierre Oberling

  (arabicized form of Turk. Dulgadır), a Ḡozz tribe that became established mainly in southeastern Anatolia under the Saljuqs.

• DU’L-QARNAYN

  Cross-Reference

  See ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

• ḎU’L-RĪĀSATAYN

  Cross-Reference

  See FAŻL B. SAHL.

• ḎU’L-RĪĀSATAYN

  Hamid Algar

  (b. Shiraz, 1873, d. Tehran, 15 June 1953), for thirty years qoṭb (leader) of a principal branch of the Neʿmatallāhī Sufi order. 

• DULAFIDS

  Cross-Reference

  See DOLAFIDS.

• DUMAQU

  Gerd Gropp

  or Domoko; administrative center of the eastern region of the Khotan oasis in Chinese Turkestan.

• DUMÉZIL, Georges

  Bruce Lincoln

   (1898-1986), French comparatist philologist and religious studies scholar. Among the most significant later modifications in Dumézil's views was his decision to abandon the claim that Indo-European society was originally divided into three functional groupings, whose defining characteristics were then inscribed in myth, ritual, and the structure of the pantheon. Rather, he came to regard the tripartite system as an “ideology,” a collective ideal.

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• DUNG

  Willem Floor

  human and animal excrement, widely used in Persia and Afghanistan for fuel and fertilizer.

• DUNHUANG

  Gunner Mikkelsen

  an oasis town situated in the northwest of the Chinese province of Gansu, is famous for its Mogao Caves (Mogaoku) or Caves of One Thousand Buddhas (Qianfodong).

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• DŪNQEŠLĀQ

  Klaus Fischer

  or Dong Qešlaq; group of pre-Islamic and Islamic archeological sites on the Emām Ṣāḥeb plain in the Qondūz province of Afghanistan, about 10 km south of the Oxus.

• DUPREE, LOUIS

  David B. Edwards

  (b. Greenville, N.C., 23 August 1925, d. Durham, N.C., 21 March 1989), American anthropologist who specialized in Afghan studies.

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• DURA EUROPOS

  Pierre Leriche, D. N. MacKenzie

  ruined city on the right bank of the Euphrates between Antioch and Seleucia on the Tigris, founded in 303 BCE by Nicanor, a general of Seleucus I. Its military function of the Greek period was abandoned under the Parthians, but at that time it was an administrative and economic center.

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• DURAND, HENRY MORTIMER

  Rose L. Greaves

  (b. Sehore, Bhopal State, India, 14 February 1850, d. Polden, Somerset, England, 8 June 1924), British diplomat and envoy to Tehran at the end of the 19th century.

• DŪRAOŠA

  Jean Kellens

  Avestan word, attested once in the Older Avesta, in the Younger Avesta the preferred and exclusive epithet of haoma, the ritual liquid.

• DŪRĀSRAW

  D. N. MacKenzie

  according to the Pahlavi tradition the name of two legendary personages in the history of Zoroastrianism.

• DURIS OF SAMOS

  RÜDIGER SCHMITT

  (Gk. Doûris), (ca. 340-281/270 B.C.E.), Greek historiographer of the early Hellenistic period.

• DŪRMEŠ, KHAN

  Roger M. Savory

  or Dormeš; b. ʿAbdī Beg TAVĀČĪ ŠĀMLŪ, powerful Qezelbāš amir, brother-in-law and confidant of Shah Esmāʿīl I.