Table of Contents

• ARƎJAṰ.ASPA

  cross-reference

  See ARJĀSP.

• ʿĀREŻ

  C. E. Bosworth

  the official in medieval eastern Islamic states who had charge of the administrative side of the military forces, being especially concerned with payment, recruitment, training, and inspection.

• ARFAʿ, ḤASAN

  F. Azimi

  Iranian general, born in Tiflis in 1895, the eldest son of the veteran diplomat Prince Reżā Arfaʿ.

• ARG

  J. R. Perry

  Its etymology is obscure: the term appears in Middle Persian only in the compound argbed a military rank and, though evidently in use, does not occur frequently in New Persian before the early 17th century. It is used also by Persian writers of Central Asia and northern India to designate the fortress of a city.

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• ARG-E ʿALĪŠĀH

  K. Afsar

  the remains of the Masǰed-e ʿAlīšāh, a colossal mosque built in Tabrīz.

• ARG-E KARĪM KHAN

  K. Afsar

  citadel built by the Zand ruler Karīm Khan (1163-93/1750-79).

• ARG-E TEHRĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See TEHRAN.

• ARḠANDĀB

  D. Balland

  the name of two non-contiguous administrative districts (woloswālī) in Afghanistan.

• ARḠANDĀB RIVER

  D. Balland

  a river in the south of Afghanistan, the biggest tributary of the Helmand. The present name, in the form Āb-e Arḡand, is attested from the 7th/13th century.

• ARGBED

  M. L. Chaumont

  a high-ranking title in the Parthian and Sasanian period.