Search Results for “frye”
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FRYER, JOHN
Michael J. Franklin
(b. ca. 1650; d. 1733), British travel-writer and doctor. His writings display a lively curiosity, which, sharpened by his scientific training, produces accurate observations in geology, meteorology, and all aspects of natural history.
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ASIA INSTITUTE, BULLETIN OF THE
Richard N. Frye
originally Bulletin of the American Institute of Persian Art and Archaeology from July 1931; and the first issue was edited by Arthur Upham Pope, director of the Institute.
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ADERGOUDOUNBADES
R. N. Frye
a kanārang (eastern border margrave) appointed by the Sasanian king Kavād (r. 488-531 A.D.).
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ASAD B. SĀMĀNḴODĀ
C. E. Bosworth
ancestor of the Samanid dynasty.
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AḤMAD B. ASAD
C. E. Bosworth
(d. 250/864), early member of the Samanid family and governor of Farḡāna under the ʿAbbasids and Taherids.
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ANDRAGORAS
R. N. Frye
Seleucid satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania, known primarily from his coins.
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OUPHARIZES
R. N. Frye
(Greek name or appellative Wahriz), general of cavalry in the time of Ḵosrow I.
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BĀZRANGĪ
Richard N. Frye
the family name of a dynasty of petty rulers in Fārs overthrown during the rise of the Sasanians.
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ABŪ ṢĀLEḤ MANṢŪR (I) NŪḤ
C. E. Bosworth
(350-66/961-76), Samanid ruler in Transoxania and Khorasan and successor of his brother ʿAbd-al-Malek after the latter’s death in Šawwāl, 350/November, 961.
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ANDARZBAD
M. L. Chaumont
Sasanian administrative title meaning “chief advisor” for a city.
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DARIUS ii. Darius the Mede
Richard N. Frye
In the Old Testament Book of Daniel Darius the Mede is mentioned (5:30-31) as ruler after the slaying of the “Chaldean king” Belshazzar.
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NUḤ (II) B. MANṢUR (I)
C. Edmund Bosworth
(r. 976-97), ABU’L-QĀSEM, Samanid Amir, initially in both Transoxania and Khorasan, latterly in Transoxania only.
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BUKHARA i. In Pre-Islamic Times
Richard N. Frye
one of many settlements in the large oasis formed by the mouths of the Zarafshan (Zarafšān) river in ancient Sogdiana.
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FĪRŪZ
Klaus Schippmann
(PĒRŌZ) Sasanian king (r. 459-84), son of Yazdegerd II (r. 439-57).
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BULLAE
Richard N. Frye
the sealings, usually of clay or bitumen, on which were impressed the marks of seals showing ownership or witness to whatever was attached to the sealing.
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AZDI, ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR
G. R. Hawting
b. ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān, a governor of Khorasan who came into conflict with the caliph al-Manṣur, executed, probably in 142/759-60.
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QOFṢ
C. E. Bosworth
the Arabised form of Kufiči, lit. “mountain dweller,” the name of a people of southeastern Iran found in the Islamic historians and geographers of the 10th-11th centuries.
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ĒRĀN-XWARRAH-ŠĀBUHR
Rika Gyselen
lit. "Ērān, glory of Šāpūr"; Sasanian province (šahrestān) containing Susa and probably created by Šāpūr II (r. 309-379).
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ḠARČESTĀN
C. Edmund Bosworth
name of a region in early Islamic times, situated to the north of the upper Harīrūd and the Paropamisus range and on the head waters of the Moṟḡāb.
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CUPBEARER
James R. Russel
one who fills and distributes cups of wine, as in a royal household.
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DARĪGBED
Richard N. Frye
title of a low-ranking official at the Sasanian court.
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BOḠRĀ KHAN
C. Edmund Bosworth
ABŪ MŪSĀ HĀRŪN, the first Qarakhanid khan to invade the Samanid emirate from the steppes to the north in the 990s.
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MANṢUR B. NUḤ
C. Edmund Bosworth
the name of two of the later Amirs of the Samanids (q.v.), the first ruling in both Transoxiana and Khorasan, and the second in Transoxiana only.
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BĀLAWĪ FAMILY
R. W. Bulliet
prominent scholars in Nīšāpūr in the 10th-11th centuries.
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ABŪ NAṢR AḤMAD
C. E. Bosworth
Samanid amir in Transoxania and Khorasan (295-301/907-14).
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CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM IRANICARUM
Nicholas Sims-Williams
(C.I.I.), an association devoted to the collection and publication of Iranian inscriptions and documents.
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BARM-e DELAK
L. Vanden Berghe
a site with a spring about 10 km southeast of Shiraz, where three panels bearing two Sasanian rock reliefs are carved in the mountain at a height of about 6.5 m above the ground.
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FĀʾEQ ḴĀṢṢA, ABU’L-ḤASAN
C. Edmund Bosworth
(d. Khorasan 999), Turkish eunuch and slave commander of the Samanid army in Transoxania and Khorasan during the closing decades of that dynasty’s power.
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DAHYU
Gherardo Gnoli
country (often with reference to the people inhabiting it).
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ĀYADANA
J. Duchesne-Guillemin
“place of cult.” The term occurs once in the Old Persian Bīstūn inscription of Darius I.
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ARSACIDS i. Origins
A. Sh. Shahbazi
The various accounts of the origins of Arsaces, the founder of the dynasty, reflect diverse developments over time in political ideologies.
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Bahrām III
O. Klíma
the sixth Sasanian king, son of Bahrām II ruled for four months.
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ESMĀʿĪL, b. Aḥmad b. Asad SĀMĀNĪ, ABŪ EBRĀHĪM
C. Edmund Bosworth
(849-907), the first member of the Samanid dynasty to rule over all Transoxania and Farḡāna.
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ABŪ ʿALĪ DAQQĀQ
J. Chabbi
ascetic of Nīšāpūr (d. 405/1015).
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BAḤĪRĪ FAMILY
R. W. Bulliet
a major Shafiʿite family of Nishapur in the eleventh century.
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GUIDI, IGNAZIO
Erich Kettenhofen
Guidi’s most valuable discovery, the Syriac chronicle of an anonymous Nestorian Christian, contains otherwise non-attested details of late Sasanian history. Guidi recognized the significance of the synodal records of the Nestorian church for reconstructing the administration of the empire.
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ABARŠAHR
H. Gaube
Name of Nīšāpūr province in western Khorasan. From the early Sasanian period, Nišāpur, which was founded or rebuilt by Šāpur I in the first years of his reign, was the administrative center of the province.
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ʿABD-AL-MALEK B. NŪḤ
C. E. Bosworth
the penultimate ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Khorasan and Transoxania, r. 389/999.
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Asia Institute
Richard N. Frye
founded in 1928 in New York City as the American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology, incorporated 1930 in the state of New York and active in Shiraz 1965-79. In its affiliation, functions, and publications, the Institute has had a complicated and eventful career, illustrating some of the vicissitudes of Iranian studies during the twentieth century.
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ABŪ ṢĀLEḤ MANṢŪR
C. E. Bosworth
Samanid prince, the cousin of the amir Aḥmad b. Esmāʿīl (295-301/907-14) and uncle of his successor Naṣr b. Aḥmad (301-31/914-43).
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ḠOJDOVĀN
Habib Borjian
(also Ḡojdavān, Ḡajdovān), town and district in the oasis of Bukhara.
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NAṢR (I) B. AḤMAD (I) B. ESMĀʿIL
C. Edmund Bosworth
ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Transoxiana and Khorasan between 301/914 and 331/943.
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ABŪ ʿABDALLĀH B. AL-BAYYEʿ
R. W. Bulliet
a noted traditionist and local historian, b. 321/933, d. 405/1014.
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HAZĀRBED
M. Rahim Shayegan
or Hazāruft; title of a high state official in Sasanian Iran.
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BĪĀBĀNAK
Eckart Ehlers
a group of isolated oasis settlements in central Iran, stretching over an area of 70 by 90 miles of what is mostly desert.
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FORŪGĪ, MOḤSEN
Mina Marefat and EIr, Richard N. Frye
(1907-1983), pioneer of modern architecture in Persia, an influential professor of architecture at the University of Tehran, and a noted collector of Persian art. He was imprisoned in 1979 after the revolution, and his art collection was placed in the Archaeological Museum, Tehran.
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ʿABD-AL-MALEK B. NŪḤ B. NAṢR
C. E. Bosworth
ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Transoxania and Khorasan, 343-350/954-61.
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FORGERIES iv. OF ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPTS
Francis Richard
Manuscripts in Arabic script have been forged or tampered with to enhance the value of a manuscript and to prove its antiquity.
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DADWAR, DADWARIH
Mansour Shaki
respectively judge, administrator of justice, lawgiver, lit., “bearer of law.”
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BUKHARA v. Archeology and Monuments
G. A. Pugachenkova and E. V. Rtveladze
The earliest settlement levels at Bukhara can be dated to the 5th-2nd centuries B.C. During this period Bukhara consisted of a citadel on a hill and a large, sprawling settlement.
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SELEUCID ERA
Rolf Strootman
the first system of continuous year numbering, introduced in the Middle East by the Seleucids, and the direct forerunner of the Christian, Islamic, and Jewish years. As the formal time reckoning system of the Seleucid empire, the era was adopted throughout the Middle East.
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ḴALAJ i. TRIBE
Pierre Oberling
tribe originating from Turkistan, generally referred to as Turks but possibly Indo-Iranian.
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ARGBED
M. L. Chaumont
a high-ranking title in the Parthian and Sasanian period.
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HORMOZD KUŠĀNŠĀH
A. Shapur Shahbazi
Sasanian prince governor of Kušān. He is known from his coins minted in eastern Iran and references in three Latin sources. His coins are gold scyphate (cup-shaped) and light bronze issues; rare heavy copper and silver coins also occur.
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BĀBĀ KUHI
M. Kasheff
popular name of Shaikh Abū ʿAbdallāh Moḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. ʿObaydallāh Bākūya Šīrāzī, Sufi of the 10th-11th centuries.
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BAḠDĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-QĀHER
J. van Ess
B. ṬĀHER ŠĀFEʿĪ TAMĪMĪ (ca. 961-1038), mathematician, Shafeʿite jurist, and Asḥʿarite theologian.
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HAJIABAD i. INSCRIPTIONS
Philippe Gignoux
The Hajiabad inscriptions in Parthian and Middle Persian were discovered in 1818 in a grotto a few kilometers north of Persepolis. This text describes a feat of archery by King Šāpūr I performed in the presence of kings and princes, of the grandees and the nobles.
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BEH-QOBĀD
Michael Morony
(Mid. Pers. Vēh-Kavāt), an administrative district created by the Sasanian king Qobād I in the early sixth century along the Babylon branch of the Euphrates.
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DAIVADANA
Gherardo Gnoli
lit., "temple of the daivas," Old Persian term that appears in the “daiva inscription” of Xerxes at Persepolis.
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GEIGER, BERNHARD
RÜDIGER SCHMITT
Geiger studied Hebrew and Arabic before being persuaded by Leopold von Schroeder to turn to Indian and Iranian studies. Among his teachers in Vienna, Bonn, Prague, Göttingen, and Heidelberg were the Indologists Leopold von Schroeder, Moriz Winternitz, and Franz Kielhorn and the Iranists Friedrich Carl Andreas (q.v.) and Jacob Wackernagel.
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DEŽ Ī NEBEŠT
Mansour Shaki
(Mid. Pers. diz ī nibišt “fortress of archives,” lit. “writing”), supposedly one of two repositories in which copies of the Avesta and its exegesis (zand) were deposited for safekeeping.
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BĀJ (2)
W. Floor
a term denoting tribute to be paid by vassals to their overlord, in which sense it is also used as a generic term “tax,” or as referring to road tolls.
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ANŌŠAG-RUWĀN
C. J. Brunner
"of immortal soul", originally a respectful euphemism, becoming in the Islamic period an aristocratic proper name.
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DĀRĀ (City)
Michael Weiskopf
the name of a Parthian city and of a Byzantine garrison town of the Sasanian period.
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GORGĀN iv. Archeology
Muhammad Yusof Kiani
The Greek historian Arrian, recording Alexander’s expedition to the East, speaks of Alexander’s march to the city of Zadracarta, the largest town in the region and the capital of Hyrcania, where the royal palace was situated.
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BOZPAR
Louis Vanden Berghe
a valley situated about 100 km southwest of Kāzerūn and 11 km by donkey path through the mountains from Sar Mašhad, Fārs. The most important ruin in the Bozpār valley is the building known locally as Gūr-e Doḵtar.
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APARNA
P. Lecoq
(Gk. Aparnoi/Parnoi, Lat. Aparni or Parni), an east Iranian tribe established on the Ochos (modern Taǰen, Teǰend) and one of the three tribes in the confederation of the Dahae.
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Jāmāsp i. REIGN
JAMSHEED K. CHOKSY
Jāmāsp or Zāmāsp (Middle Persian yʾmʾsp, zʾmʾsp; Greek Zamásphēs; Arabic Jāmāsb, Zāmāsb, Zāmāsf; New Persian Jāmāsp, Zāmāsp) ascended to the Sasanian throne in 496.
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TEPE YAHYA
D. T. Potts
(Tappe Yaḥyā), archeological site in the Soḡun valley, Kerman province, ca. 220 km south of Kerman and 130 km north of the Straits of Hormuz.
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ASPAČANĀ
A. Sh. Shahbazi
a senior official under Darius the Great and Xerxes.
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COMMERCE iii. In the Parthian and Sasanian periods
Richard N. Frye
There are few contemporary sources on commerce in the Parthian period, and no archeological site on the Persian plateau has yielded finds that shed light on the subject.
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ZEǏMAL’, Evegeniǐ Vladislavovich
Alexander Nikitin
(1932-1998), Russian numismatist and historian of ancient Iran and Central Asia.
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HERZFELD, ERNST iv. HERZFELD AND THE PAIKULI INSCRIPTION
Prods Oktor Skjærvø
The monument at Paikuli (Pāikūlī) lies on the Iraqi side of the border with Iran on a north-south line drawn from Solaimānīya in Iraq to Qaṣr-e Šīrīn in Persia on the ancient road from Ctesiphon to Azerbaijan.
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IRANSHENASI
Abbas Milani
a journal of Iranian studies, began publication under the editorship of Jalāl Matini and with the help of generous Iranians who have been willing to subsidize it since the spring of 1989, when its first issue was published.
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HORMOZD I
M. RAHIM SHAYEGAN
Sasanian great king (r. 272-73 CE), the throne name of Šāpur I’s son and and successor, Hormozd-Ardašēr.
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BUKHARA ii. From the Arab Invasions to the Mongols
C. E. Bosworth
The first appearance of Arab armies there is traditionally placed in Moʿāwīa’s caliphate when, according to Naršaḵī, ʿObayd-Allāh b. Zīād b. Abīhe crossed the Oxus and appeared at Bukhara (673-74).
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GANDĀPŪR
M. Jamil Hanifi
one of two Šērānī Pashtun/Paxtun tribal segments (the other being the Baḵtīār), who claim origin in southwestern Afghanistan.
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HUNS
Martin Schottky
collective term for horsemen of various origins leading a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, thought to have descended from the Hsiung-nu, a nomadic people first mentioned in Chinese sources in 318 BCE.
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DĒNAG
Philippe Gignoux
name of several Sasanian queens; it was not feminine by derivation but was clearly reserved for feminine prosopography.
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ĀL-E MĪKĀL
R. W. Bulliet
the leading aristocratic family of western Khorasan from the 3rd/9th to the 5th/11th century.
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BĀBAK (1)
R. N. Frye
(Mid. Pers. Pāpak, Pābag), a ruler of Fārs at the beginning of the third century, father of Ardašīr, the founder of the Sasanian dynasty.
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ŠAHRESTĀNĪHĀ Ī ĒRĀNŠAHR
Touraj Daryaee
(The Provincial Capitals of Iran), the only major surviving Middle Persian text on geography.
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COURTS AND COURTIERS ii. In the Parthian and Sasanian periods
Philippe Gignoux
In the absence of records, a full picture of court life under the Parthians and Sasanians cannot be pieced together.
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DUNG
Willem Floor
human and animal excrement, widely used in Persia and Afghanistan for fuel and fertilizer.
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YAZDEGERD II
Touraj Daryaee
Sasanian king, whose reign is marked by wars with Byzantium in the west and the Hephthalites in the east. He stayed in the east for some years fighting the nomadic tribes and is known for imposing Zoroastrianism in Armenia.
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BIDAXŠ
Werner Sundermann
title of an official, a word of Iranian origin found in various languages from the first to the eighth century.
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ĀL-E BORHĀN
C. E. Bosworth
the name of a family of spiritual and civic leaders in Bokhara during the 6th/12th and early 7th/13th centuries.
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ČORMĀGŪN
Peter Jackson
Mongol general and military governor in Persia, d. ca. 639/1242.
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ĀMĀRGAR
D. N. MacKenzie, M. L. Chaumont
a Middle and New Persian word designating a person holding a particular administrative post.
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AMĪR
C. E. Bosworth
“commander, governor, prince” in Arabic. The term seems to be basically Islamic; although it does not occur in the Koran, we do find there the related concept of the “holders of authority.”
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ČĀČ
C. Edmund Bosworth
(Ar. Šāš), the name of a district and of a town in medieval Transoxania; the name of the town was gradually supplanted by that of Tashkent from late Saljuq and Mongol times onwards.
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COURTS AND COURTIERS iv. Under the Mongols
Peter Jackson
During the early stages of the Mongol presence Persia was ruled, on behalf of the great khan (qaḡan, qaʾan/qāʾān) in Mongolia, by military governors based in Azerbaijan and in Khorasan, but, with the coming of Hülegü (Hūlāgū) in 654/1256 and the establishment of the Il-khanid state, the country was once again the seat of a resident sovereign.
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JABḠUYA
C. Edmund Bosworth
Arabo-Persian form of the Central Asian title yabḡu. Although it is best known as a Turkish title of nobility, it was in use many centuries before the Turks appear in the historical record.
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BARĪD
C. E. Bosworth
the official postal and intelligence service of the early Islamic caliphate and its successor states. The service operated by means of couriers mounted on mules or horses or camels or traveling on foot.
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ĀMOL (ĀMŪYA)
C. E. Bosworth
town situated three miles from the left bank of the Oxus river (Āmū Daryā).
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MEHR-NARSEH
Touraj Daryaee
The grand vizier (Mid. Pers. wuzurg framādār) during the reigns of the Sasanian kings Yazdgerd I (r. 399-421 CE), Bahrām V (r. 421-39), Yazdgerd II (r. 439-57), and Pērōz (r. 459-84).
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ETHIOPIA
E. van Donzel
Ethiopia (OPers. Kuša-) was located on the western fringe of the Achaemenid empire. The Ethiopians (OPers. Kušiyā; Gr. Aithí-opes “with [sun]burnt faces”) are named among the peoples of the Persian Empire and are included at the end of Herodotus’s satrapy list.
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BURIAL iii. In Zoroastrianism
James R. Russell
Death being regarded as an evil brought about by Aŋra Mainyu, the Destructive Spirit, the corpse of a holy creature, particularly man or dog, is considered to be greatly infested by the druj Nasu.
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EGYPT iv. Relations in the Sasanian period
Ruth Altheim-Stiehl
The occupation of Egypt, beginning in 619 or 618, was one of the triumphs in the last Sasanian war against Byzantium. Ḵosrow II Parvēz had begun this war in retaliation for the assassination of the Byzantine emperor Mauricius.
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INDIA ii. Historical Geography
Pierfrancesco Callieri
The geographical borders between the Iranian plateau and the Indian subcontinent are well defined by features, such as mountain ranges, which represent the western limits of the Indus River valley.