Search Results for “neolithic age in iran”

• NEOLITHIC AGE IN IRAN

  Frank Hole

  Originally the term “Neolithic” referred to the final Stone Age before the ages of metals.Today “Neolithic” usually refers to the period of the origins and early development of agricultural economies.

• CERAMICS

  Multiple Authors

  Ceramics in Persia from the Neolithic period to the 19th century.

• SIALK, TEPE

  Cross-Reference

  See  CERAMICS i. The Neolithic Period through the Bronze Age in Northeastern and North-central Persia.

• ART IN IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  The history of art in Iran and Iranian lands.

• CERAMICS iii. The Neolithic Period in Central and Western Persia

  Peder Mortensen

  Present knowledge is based primarily on evidence from three excavated sites and from surveys carried out southwest of Harsīn, on the Māhī­dašt plain, and in the Holaylān valley.

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• MUSHKI, TALL-E

  Yoshihiro Nishiaki

  an early Pottery Neolithic site in Fars Province, southwest Iran. Located approximately 11 km southeast of Persepolis, this eponymous site for the Mushki culture forms a small and low mound.

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• CERAMICS ii. The Neolithic Period in Northwestern Persia

  Mary M. Voigt

  The initial occupation of Persian Azerbaijan by farming groups took place in the second half of the 7th millennium B.C.E. The best known site of this period is Hajji Firuz (Ḥājī Fīrūz) Tepe, located in the Ošnū-­Soldūz valley and approximately contemporary with Hasanlu X (ca. 6000-5000 B.C.E.). 

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• ALTIN TEPE

  V. M. Masson

  a settlement of the Neolithic period and Bronze Age in the south of Turkmenistan near the village of Miana.

• SANG-E CHAKHMAQ

  Christopher P. Thornton

  The Aceramic Neolithic phase spans Levels 2-5 of the Western Tepe. This period is notable for large mud-brick houses with plastered and red-painted floors and well-built fireplaces, some of which appear to have had ritual significance. Amongst these houses there is abundant evidence for lithic tools.

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• JARI, TALL-E

  Yoshihiro Nishiaki

  a Fars Province site named for its two closely situated prehistoric mounds, Jari A and B. The two mounds are located approximately 12 km southeast of Persepolis.

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• COON, CARLETON STEVENS

  Robert H. Dyson, Jr.

  (b. Wakefield, Massa­chusetts, 23 June 1904, d. Gloucester, Massachusetts, 4 June 1981), American anthropologist and educator.

• GYPSUM

  Dietrich Huff

  soft mineral produced from natural gypsum rock by firing in kilns or piles and subsequent pulverization by pounding and grinding.

• ČOḠĀ BONUT

  Abbas Alizadeh

  Čoḡā Bonut is important because it has provided evidence of the earliest stages of settled agricultural life in Ḵuzestān. It is a small mound; in its truncated and artificially rounded state it has a diameter of about 50 m and rises just over 5 m above the surrounding plain.

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• N~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  list of all the figure and plate images in the letter N entries.

• PREHISTORY OF IRAN: ARTIFICIAL CRANIAL MODIFICATIONS

  Aurelie Daems and Karina Croucher

  Cranial modification is one of the most obvious examples we have from the archaeological record of the active manipulation of the body during life, with implications in terms of the reflection of identity and identity construction.

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• ANAW

  T. C. Young, Jr., G. A. Pugachenkova

  village and archeological site at the foot of the Kopet-Dag mountains east of Ashkhabad in Soviet Turkestan.

• DONKEY ii. Domestication in Iran

  Daniel T. Potts

  The Tol-e Nurābād sherd raises many questions about the locus of donkey domestication in the Old World, particularly since the Zagros highlands, where it was discovered, have been considered well to the east of the original range of Equid africanus.

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• Am~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  list of all the figure and plate images in the Am–Ar entries

• DEH MORĀSĪ ḠONDAY

  Jim G. Shaffer

  a Bronze Age archeological site located at 34° 90’ N, 65° 30’ E, adjacent to the village of Deh Morāsī, approximately 27 km southwest of Qandahār and 6.5 km east-southeast of Pahjwāʾī in southeastern Afghanistan.

• PALEOLITHIC AGE IN IRAN

  Frank Hole

  The Paleolithic or ‘Old Stone Age’ begins with the first stone tools some 2.5million years ago in Africa, and it ends with the Neolithic or ‘New Stone Age,’ essentially at the beginnings of agriculture.

• FĀRS ix. PREHISTORIC SEQUENCE

  Abbas Alizadeh

  Six archeological sites—Tall-e Muški, Tall-e Jari A and B, Tall-e Gap, and Tall-e Bākun A and B—in the Persepolis plain of the Marvdašt area are the primary sources for the study of the prehistoric cultural development in Fārs.

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• COMMERCE i. In the prehistoric period

  Oscar White Muscarella

  In this early period “commerce” is best defined as the movement or exchange of material or goods between cultures within the present boundaries of Persia and those in other regions.

• ḤASANLU TEPPE i. THE SITE

  Robert H. Dyson, Jr

  The Qadar River rises to the west in the Zagros on the Assyrian frontier near the ancient Urartian city of Musasir. Its eastern end drains into marshes north of the modern town of Mahābād, which lies northwest of the ancient country of Mannai.

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• ACHAEMENID VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ROYAL FIGURES

  Erica Ehrenberg

  Visual representations of Achaemenid kings, while indebted to established Mesopotamian iconographic conventions, betray distinct understandings of sovereignty.

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• MALIĀN

  Kamyar Abdi

  an important archeological site in the Kor River basin in central Fārs, identified as ancient Anshan, the highland capital of Elam. At nearly 200 ha, Maliān is the largest pre-Achaemenid settlement in Fārs and one of largest archeological sites in Iran.

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• POŠT-E KUH

  Ernie Haerinck and Bruno Overlaet

  The exploration of Pošt-e Kuh started relatively late in comparison with other regions of Persia and the Near East. Until about 1929, the quasi-autonomous governors (wāli) of Pošt-e Kuh ruled over this region. Major Henry C. Rawlinson was the first European to explore the region.

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• CERAMICS i. The Neolithic Period through the Bronze Age in Northeastern and North-central Persia

  Robert H. Dyson

  The ceramic tradition of northeastern Persia devel­oped in parallel but distinct sequences in the Gorgān lowlands and the Dāmḡān highlands, including the parts of the Atrak region adjacent to both. 

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• IBEX, PERSIAN

  Eskandar Firouz, D. T. Potts

  Capra aegagrus, also called Persian Wild Goat, in Persian pāzan. It is regarded as the ancestor of the domestic goat. Formerly it was numerous, found in almost all of Persia’s mountainous areas with rugged cliffs.

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• ARCHEOLOGY i. Pre-Median

  T. C. Young

  As early as the 17th century, a number of European travelers reported with surprise on the remarkable ancient monuments to be seen throughout the countryside. The first scientific and scholarly attempt to deal with one such monument, however, was Rawlinson’s recording of the Bīsotūn (Behistun) inscription (1836-41). 

• CERAMICS v. The Chalcolithic Period in Southern Persia

  Thomas W. Beale

  The most fully excavated corpus of ceramics from the Chalcolithic of southern Persia comes from Tal-i Iblis and Tepe Yahya. Ex­tensive surface collections by Sir Mark Aurel Stein in Baluchistan and more recently have provided important supplementary material.

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• CHALCOLITHIC ERA

  Elizabeth F. Henrickson

  in Persia; chalcolithic is a term adopted for the Near East early in this century as part of an attempt to refine the framework of cultural developmental “stages” (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron Ages) and used by students of western European prehistory.

• ARCHITECTURE iv. Central Asian

  G. A. Pugachenkova

  Architecture in Central Asia dates back to the late Neolithic period (6th-5th millennia B.C.).

• CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES in Persian architecture

  Wolfram Kleiss

  The most frequent building material in Iranian cultural areas has always been mud, which is available everywhere. When wet, it can simply be plastered on walls without shaping. Alternatively, it can be tempered and formed into large blocks with more or less rectangular sides.

• JADE ii. Pre-Islamic Iranian Jades

  Manuel Keene

  Extant scabbard slides of softer and more brittle stones (e.g., lapis lazuli, rock crystal), as well as wood, suggest that the toughness of jade was not an essential requirement for this function. Other types of jade fittings on the warrior and his horse would often accompany the weapon’s mounts.

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• ARCHEOLOGY viii. REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

  M. N. Pogrebova

  In the mid-19th century,  European travelers became aware that the area of the republic  abounded in ancient ruins. Since the 1960s and 1970s several scores of archeological expeditions of the Azerbaijanian Academy of Sciences have been active.

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• RAY i. ARCHEOLOGY

  Rocco Rante

  In the late 19th and early 20th century, the site was excavated unscientifically by Western archeologists and local dealers, mostly to search for precious objects; a large proportion of the finds found their way to the black market. At present several museums conserve some specimens from Ray belonging to this antiquarian surge.

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• AZERBAIJAN iii. Pre-Islamic History

  K. Schippmann

  the northwestern province of Azerbaijan can look back on a long history. For the earliest periods, however, archeological research has barely begun.

• CERAMICS iv. The Chalcolithic Period in the Zagros Highlands

  Elizabeth F. Henrickson

  The Zagros Chalcolithic may be divided into Early, Middle, and Late subperiods. Within each several distinctive regional assemblages are known in varying arche­ological detail. 

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• C~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  list of all the figure and plate images in the letter C entries

• TEPE YAHYA

  D. T. Potts

  (Tappe Yaḥyā), archeological site in the Soḡun valley, Kerman province, ca. 220 km south of Kerman and 130 km north of the Straits of Hormuz.

• GAČ-BORĪ

  Sheila S. Blair

  plasterwork or stucco. Gypsum plaster has been used as a building material in Persia for more than 2,500 years. Originally it may have been applied as a rendering to mud brick walls to protect them from the weather, but it was soon exploited for its decorative effects.

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• ḠĀR

  Ezzat O. Negahban

  (cave) and Stone Age cave dwellers in Iran. Caves and rock shelters were particularly attractive living places for the hunter gatherers of the early Paleolithic period. The geography of the Iranian Plateau with its bordering mountain system meant that there were many cave sites which would have been suitable for early cave dwelling man.

• AFGHANISTAN ix. Pre-Islamic Art

  F. Tissot

  In the tombs of Ṭelā Tapa, the dead are covered with fine fabric sewn with gold bracteates, while their clothing is woven from gold thread and embroidered with pearls. Their swords and daggers are placed in gold sheaths decorated with fantastic animals; their necklaces and pendants portray Greco-Iranian divinities.

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• PERROT, JEAN

  Rémy Boucharlat

  (1920-2012), French archeologist and the last director of the Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran (1968-83).

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• ECONOMY ii. IN THE PRE-ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Robert C. Henrickson

  Pre-Median Persia was a crucial economic component of ancient southwest Asia from the earliest times.

• LURISTAN iv. The Origin of Nomadism

  Inge Demant Mortensen and Peder Mortensen

  The large valleys and plains of Luristan are exceedingly fertile.  They have often been described as suited for agriculture as well as for pastoral nomadism, which seems to have been the prevailing lifestyle for hundreds of years.

• HERZFELD, ERNST iii. HERZFELD AND PERSEPOLIS

  Hubertus von Gall

  Herzfeld first visited Persepolis in November 1905 during his return from the Assur excavation. He returned to Persepolis during his expedition to Persia, Iraq, and Afghanistan, which lasted from February 1923 to October 1925.

• BURIAL i. Pre-Historic Burial Sites

  Ezzatollah Negahban

  The earliest human skeletal remains found in Persia (pre-8th millennium B.C.) are from several cave dwelling sites: Hotu Cave (Angel) and Belt Cave, both on the south­eastern shore of the Caspian Sea; Behistun (Bīsotūn) Cave near Kermānšāh; and Konjī and Arjana Caves in Luristan.

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• CHORASMIA i. Archeology and pre-Islamic history

  Yuri Aleksandrovich Rapoport

  At the turn of the 3rd millennium b.c.e. the Neolithic Kel’teminar culture flourished in the Chorasmian oasis (Vinogradov, 1968; idem, 1981). Remains of the Bronze Age Suyargan.

• ĀHAN

  V. C. Pigott

  With the Tartar conquest of Syria, Tamerlane is said to have deported to Iran the skilled craftsmen he captured. It is suggested that from this point onward Iran supplied itself as well as India and the west with the finest damascene arms and armor, though the steel ingots still originated in India.

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• EXCAVATIONS iii. In Central Asia

  B. A. LitvinskiĬ

  Archeological and architectural monuments of Central Asia are mentioned in reports from the 18^th and early 19^th centuries. Major archaeological work began only after the Russian conquest of the region; it was first done by amateurs, in particular military officers.

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• KABUL MUSEUM

  Carla Grissmann

  popular name of the National Museum of Afghanistan. A modest collection of artifacts and manuscripts already existed in the time of King Ḥabib-Allāh (r. 1901–19). In 1931 the collection was finally installed in a building in rural Darulaman (Dār-al-amān), eight kilometers south of Kabul City.

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• TEPE HISSAR

  Robert H. Dyson

  Sixteen hundred graves were recorded; of these 782 from 1932 formed the basis of the 1937 tabular presentation of burial data. Generally, bodies were buried on their sides in a flexed position in simple pits. In period II, however, rare brick cist graves appear.

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• DUSHANBE

  Muriel Atkin

  capital and most populous city of Tajikistan.

• AFGHANISTAN viii. Archeology

  N. H. Dupree

  Excavations by countries other than France did not occur until after World War II. In the winter of 1950-51 the second expedition of the American Museum of Natural History was directed by W. Fairservis; Šamšīr Ḡār and Deh Morāsī Ḡonday, 17 miles southwest of Qandahār, were investigated by L. Dupree.

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• ARCHEOLOGY v. Pre-Islamic Central Asia

  V. M. Masson

  Archeological remains of almost all the major epochs have now been uncovered, and the materials have been obtained that describe comprehensively the ancient civilizations of Central Asia of the pre-Islamic period.

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• DE MORGAN, Jacques

  Pierre Amiet

  (1857-1924), French archeologist and prehistorian. He came from an exceptionally gifted family, in which cultivation of humane learning was combined with scientific rigor. It seems clear that he was less interested in Elamite history than in the overall prehistory of the East.

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• BOARD GAMES in pre-Islamic Persia

  Ulrich Schädler and Anne-Elizabeth Dunn-Vaturi

  Aside from chess and backgammon, due to the perishable material such as textile, leather, and wood used in making the artifacts, as well as because often the games were simply drawn on the ground, evidence is lacking in most cases, but many of them are still played nowadays.

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• IRON AGE

  Oscar White Muscarella

  In Iran the term Iron Age is employed to identify a cultural change that occurred centuries earlier than the time accorded its use elsewhere in the Near East, and not to acknowledge the introduction of a new metal technology.

• EXCAVATIONS i. In Persia

  David Stronach

  a diachronic survey of the main patterns of archaeological field research in Persia from the time of the first excavations in the middle of the 19th century to the late l990s.

• DĀM-DĀRĪ

  Jean-Pierre Digard

  animal husbandry. In gen­eral, livestock raising in the Persian-speaking world is dominated by small animals, with a large proportion of goats, which in certain provinces of Persia itself are even more numerous than sheep. Cattle and equines, especially donkeys, are far less important.

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• HEDIN, SVEN

  Håkan Wahlquist

  Swedish explorer of, and prolific writer on, Central Asia and Persia (1865-1952).

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• DĀRĀB (2)

  Massoud Kheirabadi, Dietrich Huff, Georgina Herrmann

  the name Dārāb refers both to a šahrestān (subprovince) of Fārs province and to its chief city.

• KERMANSHAH iv. HISTORY TO 1953

  Jean Calmard

  The town and province of Kermanshah are located on the strategic travel route, later known as the “Khorasan Highway,” linking Mesopotamia to the Iranian plateau. This route was militarily and commercially important even in antiquity.

• ART IN IRAN i. NEOLITHIC TO MEDIAN

  E. Porada

  An important element of the art of Iran is the presence of composite beings. One type, here called demon, is a combination of man and animal walking on two legs. An example is the demon with the head of a mountain goat or a moufflon.

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• BRONZE AGE

  Robert H. Dyson, Jr., and Mary M. Voigt

  in Iranian archeology a term used informally for the period from the rise of trading towns in Iran, ca. 3400-3300 B.C., to the beginning of the Iron Age, ca. 1400-1300 B.C. It has long since lost any precise meaning in relation to technology.

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• JIROFT ii. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT

  Eric Fouache

  Jiroft is the regional capital of the middle section of the Halil Rud valley, southern Kerman Province. The valley, oriented northwest to southeast, 400 km long, takes its source in the Zagros mountain range north of Jiroft and ends in the endorheic Jaz-murian basin.

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• JAPAN v. ARCHEOLOGICAL MISSIONS TO PERSIA

  Toh Sugimura

  After World War II Japanese archeologists could not continue their work on sites in Korea and China, and their expertise became available for research in the Middle East and Persia.

• HERZFELD, ERNST i. LIFE AND WORK

  Stefan R. Hauser

  (1879-1948). In retrospect, Herzfeld was one of the last examples of the all-encompassing, erudite learning of the 19th century humanistic cultural tradition. Herzfeld combined a wide array of talents and interests. 

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• BRONZE i. In pre-Islamic Iran

  Vincent C. Pigott

  Current understanding of early developments in copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau is based largely on archeological excavations and archeometallurgical field surveys conducted by a number of scholars. 

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• DOMESTIC ANIMALS

  Daniel Balland and Jean-Pierre Digard

  This article is devoted to the principal characteristics of the predominant systems of domestication in Afghanistan and Persia, what they owe to neighboring or preceding systems, how they have departed from them, and whether or not it is possible to speak of a typically Iranian system of domestication.

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• FORESTS AND FORESTRY i. In Persia

  Eckart Ehlers

  Less than 2 percent of Persia is covered by forests, while another 8 to 9 percent may be regarded as depleted former forest areas. Altogether, 150-160,000 km² are, or have been, densely forested areas.

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• CERAMICS vii. The Bronze Age in Northwestern, Western, and Southwestern Persia

  Robert C. Henrickson

  During the 3rd millennium BCE there were two major ceramic traditions in northwestern Persia, shifting ceramic traditions in central western Persia, and polychrome ware  in northern Susiana.

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• DOG

  Mahmoud Omidsalar and Teresa P. Omidsalar, Mary Boyce, Jean-Pierre Digard

  Canis familiaris; i. In literature and folklore. ii. In Zoroastrianism. iii. Ethnography.

• Italy vi. ITALIAN EXCAVATIONS IN IRAN

  Pierfrancesco Callieri, Bruno Genito

  From the early 20th century on, Italians participated in the scholarly investigation of ancient Iran, but direct involvement in field archeology dates from relatively recent times.

• NEGAHBAN, EZAT O.

  Kamyar Abdi

  eminent Iranian archaeologist. Negahban carried out his first series of excavations in 1961 at the site of Mehrānābād about 25 km south of Tehran on the road to Sāveh.

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• TEHRAN i. A PERSIAN CITY AT THE FOOT OF THE ALBORZ

  Xavier de Planhol

  At the northern borders of Iran’s arid central plateau, the southern foothills of the Alborz chain, which have the advantage of major precipitations, are particularly suitable for human settlements.

• BRONZES OF LURISTAN

  Oscar White Muscarella

  The British Museum had acquired the first of its Luristan bronzes in 1854, followed by others in 1885, 1900, 1914, and 1920. Until the late 1920s such objects continued to appear sporadi­cally, but mass plundering of Luristan tombs seems to have begun in that decade.

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• FĀRS ii. History in the Pre-Islamic Period

  Josef Wiesehöfer

  The history of early pre-Islamic Fārs is most closely interwoven with that of its eastern and western neighbors. Agrarian settlements had been established (by immigrants?) in the Muški phase in the Kor basin, a widely and well researched area, before 5,500 B.C.E.

• WOOL

  Willem Floor

  (Pers. pašm), the oldest fiber to have been used for the making of textiles in Persia. Archeological finds have shown that sheep wool and goat hair were already woven around 6500 BCE, although some doubt this data. Spinning whorls and warp weights dating from 5000 BCE have also been found.

• KULĀB

  Habib Borjian

  or Kōlāb, city and former province (the greater part of medieval Ḵottal[ān]) of Tajikistan.

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• CITIES i. Geographical Introduction

  Xavier De Planhol

  There is a long history of settlement on Persian territory, where urban life was firmly established in antiquity, and cities continued to proliferate, though, owing to fluctuations in the population, they were highly unstable.

• DAMĀVAND

  Bernard Hourcade, Aḥmad Tafażżolī

  mountain, town, and administrative district (šahrestān) in the central Alborz region.

• MAMMALS ii. Species List: Mammals of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia

  Steven C. Anderson

  taxonomy of the mammals of the area, with their common names and range. 

• KĀRIZ iv. ORIGIN AND DISSEMINATION

  Xavier de Planhol

  One very common technique is an underflow channel in a river valley, which captures water from the shallow aquifer formed by seepage from the watercourse.

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• ART IN IRAN vi. PRE-ISLAMIC EASTERN IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA

  G. Azarpay

  Monumental works of art of the pre-Islamic age are there evidenced only from the early medieval period that corresponds with the Parthian and Sasanian dynasties in Iran.

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• ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

  Kamyar Abdi

  a major research center devoted to the study of the history, languages, and archeology of the ancient Near East, and Egypt.

• IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey

  R. N. Frye

  The term “Iranian” may be understood in two ways. It is, first of all, a linguistic classification, intended to designate any society which inherited or adopted, and transmitted, an Iranian language.

• CRYSTAL, ROCK

  Brigitte Musche, Jens Kröger

  a pure, transparent variety of quartz, usually called “rock crystal” to distinguish it from crystal glass.

• AZERBAIJAN ii. Archeology

  W. Kleiss

  comprises the two Iranian provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan, with administrative centers at Urmia (before 1979 Reżāʾīya) and Tabrīz respectively; it does not include “Northern Azerbaijan,” centered on Baku, which since 1829 has belonged to the Russian empire.

• STEIN, (Marc) Aurel

  Susan Whitfield

  (1862-1943), Sir, Hungarian–British archeologist and explorer, was born in Pest, Hungary and died in Kabul, Afghanistan.

• JADE iii. Jade Carving, 4th century B.C.E to 15th century C.E.

  Manuel Keene

  The eleven ancient and medieval jades illustrated in the plates are representatives of a very large and expanding corpus of ancient and medieval Iranian jades. 

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• GEOGRAPHY ii. Human geography

  Xavier de Planhol

  The primordial component of the land of Iran, since it was a sedentary world as opposed to the nomadic Tūrān, must have been situated above the level of the internal steppes and deserts, in the highland river valleys having both arable alluvial soils and plenty of water from the rainfall in the mountains.

• MAMMALS i. Mammals of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia

  Steven C. Anderson

  an account of mammals in history, literature, biodiversity, and biogeography.

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• ASB i. In Pre-Islamic Iran

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  the horse in the culture and society of the ancient Iranian world.

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (1) Overview

  Gernot Windfuhr

  This entry will discuss the non-Iranian languages spoken in Iran in the course of its history as the result of various peoples settling in parts of Iran and interacting with Iranian-speaking peoples.

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• IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (1) Pre-Islamic Times

  Ehsan Yarshater

  This section provides a concise introduction to the history of Iran from its beginnings to modern times. The generally recognized periods of the country’s history are reviewed, and some of the major motifs or themes in the politics or culture of the various periods are discussed.

• CYLINDER SEALS

  Edith Porada

  CYLINDER SEALS. The seals of ancient Persia correspond in their types and use to those of Mesopotamia, beginning with amuletic pendants, which could also be used as seals, and developing into elaborately engraved seal stones, with a change in the Uruk period from stamp to cylinder seals.

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• JĀT

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  a contested and ambiguous label for several non-food-producing peripatetic, itinerant communities in Afghanistan and the surrounding region.

• BADUSPANIDS

  W. Madelung

  a dynasty ruling Rūyān and Rostamdār from the late 11th to the 16th century with the title of ostandār and later of king.