Search Results for “frye”

• FRYER, JOHN

  Michael J. Franklin

  (b. ca. 1650; d. 1733), British travel-writer and doctor. His writings  display a lively curiosity, which, sharpened by his scientific training, produces accurate observations in geology, meteorology, and all aspects of natural history.

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• ASIA INSTITUTE, BULLETIN OF THE

  Richard N. Frye

  originally Bulletin of the American Institute of Persian Art and Archaeology from July 1931; and the first issue was edited by Arthur Upham Pope, director of the Institute.

• ADERGOUDOUNBADES

  R. N. Frye

  a kanārang (eastern border margrave) appointed by the Sasanian king Kavād (r. 488-531 A.D.).

• ASAD B. SĀMĀNḴODĀ

  C. E. Bosworth

  ancestor of the Samanid dynasty.

• AḤMAD B. ASAD

  C. E. Bosworth

  (d. 250/864), early member of the Samanid family and governor of Farḡāna under the ʿAbbasids and Taherids.

• ANDRAGORAS

  R. N. Frye

  Seleucid satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania, known primarily from his coins.

• OUPHARIZES

  R. N. Frye

  (Greek name or appellative Wahriz), general of cavalry in the time of Ḵosrow I.

• BĀZRANGĪ

  Richard N. Frye

  the family name of a dynasty of petty rulers in Fārs overthrown during the rise of the Sasanians.

• ABŪ ṢĀLEḤ MANṢŪR (I) NŪḤ

  C. E. Bosworth

  (350-66/961-76), Samanid ruler in Transoxania and Khorasan and successor of his brother ʿAbd-al-Malek after the latter’s death in Šawwāl, 350/November, 961.

• ANDARZBAD

  M. L. Chaumont

  Sasanian administrative title meaning “chief advisor” for a city.

• DARIUS ii. Darius the Mede

  Richard N. Frye

  In the Old Testament Book of Daniel Darius the Mede is mentioned (5:30-31) as ruler after the slaying of the “Chaldean king” Belshazzar.

• NUḤ (II) B. MANṢUR (I)

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (r. 976-97), ABU’L-QĀSEM, Samanid Amir, initially in both Transoxania and Khorasan, latterly in Transoxania only.

• BUKHARA i. In Pre-Islamic Times

  Richard N. Frye

  one of many settlements in the large oasis formed by the mouths of the Zarafshan (Zarafšān) river in ancient Sogdiana.

• FĪRŪZ

  Klaus Schippmann

  (PĒRŌZ) Sasanian king (r. 459-84), son of Yazdegerd II (r. 439-57). 

• BULLAE

  Richard N. Frye

  the sealings, usually of clay or bitumen, on which were impressed the marks of seals showing ownership or witness to whatever was attached to the sealing.  

• AZDI, ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR

  G. R. Hawting

  b. ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān, a governor of Khorasan who came into conflict with the caliph al-Manṣur, executed, probably in 142/759-60.

• QOFṢ

  C. E. Bosworth

  the Arabised form of Kufiči, lit. “mountain dweller,” the name of a people of southeastern Iran found in the Islamic historians and geographers of the 10th-11th centuries.

• ĒRĀN-XWARRAH-ŠĀBUHR

  Rika Gyselen

  lit. "Ērān, glory of Šāpūr"; Sasanian province (šahrestān) containing Susa and probably created by Šāpūr II (r. 309-379).

• ḠARČESTĀN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  name of a region in early Islamic times, situated to the north of the upper Harīrūd and the Paropamisus range and on the head waters of the Moṟḡāb.

• CUPBEARER

  James R. Russel

  one who fills and distributes cups of wine, as in a royal household.

• DARĪGBED

  Richard N. Frye

  title of a low-ranking official at the Sasanian court.

• BOḠRĀ KHAN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  ABŪ MŪSĀ HĀRŪN, the first Qarakhanid khan to invade the Samanid emirate from the steppes to the north in the 990s.

• MANṢUR B. NUḤ

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  the name of two of the later Amirs of the Samanids (q.v.), the first ruling in both Transoxiana and Khorasan, and the second in Transoxiana only.

• BĀLAWĪ FAMILY

  R. W. Bulliet

  prominent scholars in Nīšāpūr in the 10th-11th centuries.

• ABŪ NAṢR AḤMAD

  C. E. Bosworth

  Samanid amir in Transoxania and Khorasan (295-301/907-14).

• CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM IRANICARUM

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  (C.I.I.), an association devoted to the col­lection and publication of Iranian inscriptions and documents.

• BARM-e DELAK

  L. Vanden Berghe

  a site with a spring about 10 km southeast of Shiraz, where three panels bearing two Sasanian rock reliefs are carved in the mountain at a height of about 6.5 m above the ground.  

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• FĀʾEQ ḴĀṢṢA, ABU’L-ḤASAN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (d. Khorasan 999), Turkish eunuch and slave commander of the Samanid army in Transoxania and Khorasan during the closing decades of that dynasty’s power.

• DAHYU

  Gherardo Gnoli

  country (often with reference to the people inhabiting it).

• ĀYADANA

  J. Duchesne-Guillemin

  “place of cult.” The term occurs once in the Old Persian Bīstūn inscription of Darius I.

• ARSACIDS i. Origins

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  The various accounts of the origins of Arsaces, the founder of the dynasty, reflect diverse developments over time in political ideologies.

• Bahrām III

  O. Klíma

  the sixth Sasanian king, son of Bahrām II ruled for four months.

• ESMĀʿĪL, b. Aḥmad b. Asad SĀMĀNĪ, ABŪ EBRĀHĪM

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (849-907), the first member of the Samanid dynasty to rule over all Transoxania and Farḡāna.

• ABŪ ʿALĪ DAQQĀQ

  J. Chabbi

  ascetic of Nīšāpūr (d. 405/1015).

• BAḤĪRĪ FAMILY

  R. W. Bulliet

  a major Shafiʿite family of Nishapur in the eleventh century.  

• GUIDI, IGNAZIO

  Erich Kettenhofen

  Guidi’s most valuable discovery,  the Syriac chronicle of an anonymous Nestorian Christian, contains otherwise non-attested details of late Sasanian history. Guidi recognized the significance of the synodal records of the Nestorian church for reconstructing the administration of the empire. 

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• ABARŠAHR

  H. Gaube

  Name of Nīšāpūr province in western Khorasan. From the early Sasanian period, Nišāpur, which was founded or rebuilt by Šāpur I in the first years of his reign, was the administrative center of the province.

• ʿABD-AL-MALEK B. NŪḤ

  C. E. Bosworth

  the penultimate ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Khorasan and Transoxania, r. 389/999.

• Asia Institute

  Richard N. Frye

  founded in 1928 in New York City as the American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology, incorporated 1930 in the state of New York and active in Shiraz 1965-79. In its affiliation, functions, and publications, the Institute has had a complicated and eventful career, illustrating some of the vicissitudes of Iranian studies during the twentieth century.

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• ABŪ ṢĀLEḤ MANṢŪR

  C. E. Bosworth

  Samanid prince, the cousin of the amir Aḥmad b. Esmāʿīl (295-301/907-14) and uncle of his successor Naṣr b. Aḥmad (301-31/914-43).

• ḠOJDOVĀN

  Habib Borjian

  (also Ḡojdavān, Ḡajdovān), town and district in the oasis of Bukhara.

• NAṢR (I) B. AḤMAD (I) B. ESMĀʿIL

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Transoxiana and Khorasan between 301/914 and 331/943.

• ABŪ ʿABDALLĀH B. AL-BAYYEʿ

  R. W. Bulliet

  a noted traditionist and local historian, b. 321/933, d. 405/1014.

• HAZĀRBED

  M. Rahim Shayegan

  or Hazāruft; title of a high state official in Sasanian Iran.

• BĪĀBĀNAK

  Eckart Ehlers

  a group of isolated oasis settlements in central Iran, stretching over an area of 70 by 90 miles of what is mostly desert.

• FORŪGĪ, MOḤSEN

  Mina Marefat and EIr, Richard N. Frye

  (1907-1983), pioneer of modern architecture in Persia, an influential professor of architecture at the University of Tehran, and a noted collector of Persian art. He was imprisoned in 1979 after the revolution, and his art collection was placed in the Archaeological Museum, Tehran.

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• ʿABD-AL-MALEK B. NŪḤ B. NAṢR

  C. E. Bosworth

  ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Transoxania and Khorasan, 343-350/954-61.

• FORGERIES iv. OF ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPTS

  Francis Richard

  Manuscripts in Arabic script have been forged or tampered with to enhance the value of a manuscript and to prove its antiquity.

• DADWAR, DADWARIH

  Mansour Shaki

  respectively judge, administrator of justice, lawgiver, lit., “bearer of law.”

• BUKHARA v. Archeology and Monuments

  G. A. Pugachenkova and E. V. Rtveladze

  The earliest settlement levels at Bukhara can be dated to the 5th-2nd centuries B.C. During this period Bukhara consisted of a citadel on a hill and a large, sprawling settlement.

• SELEUCID ERA

  Rolf Strootman

  the first system of continuous year numbering, introduced in the Middle East by the Seleucids, and the direct forerunner of the Christian, Islamic, and Jewish years. As the formal time reckoning system of the Seleucid empire, the era was adopted throughout the Middle East.

• ḴALAJ i. TRIBE

  Pierre Oberling

  tribe originating from Turkistan, generally referred to as Turks but possibly Indo-Iranian.

• ARGBED

  M. L. Chaumont

  a high-ranking title in the Parthian and Sasanian period.

• HORMOZD KUŠĀNŠĀH

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  Sasanian prince governor of Kušān. He is known from his coins minted in eastern Iran and references in three Latin sources. His coins are gold scyphate (cup-shaped) and light bronze issues; rare heavy copper and silver coins also occur.

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• BĀBĀ KUHI

  M. Kasheff

  popular name of Shaikh Abū ʿAbdallāh Moḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. ʿObaydallāh Bākūya Šīrāzī, Sufi of the 10th-11th centuries.

• BAḠDĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-QĀHER

  J. van Ess

  B. ṬĀHER ŠĀFEʿĪ TAMĪMĪ (ca. 961-1038), mathematician, Shafeʿite jurist, and Asḥʿarite theologian.

• HAJIABAD i. INSCRIPTIONS

  Philippe Gignoux

  The Hajiabad inscriptions in Parthian and Middle Persian were discovered in 1818 in a grotto a few kilometers north of Persepolis. This text describes a feat of archery by King Šāpūr I performed in the presence of kings and princes, of the grandees and the nobles.

• BEH-QOBĀD

  Michael Morony

  (Mid. Pers. Vēh-Kavāt), an administrative district created by the Sasanian king Qobād I in the early sixth century along the Babylon branch of the Euphrates.

• DAIVADANA

  Gherardo Gnoli

  lit., "temple of the daivas," Old Persian term that appears in the “daiva inscrip­tion” of Xerxes at Persepolis.

• GEIGER, BERNHARD

  RÜDIGER SCHMITT

  Geiger studied Hebrew and Arabic before being persuaded by Leopold von Schroeder to turn to Indian and Iranian studies. Among his teachers in Vienna, Bonn, Prague, Göttingen, and Heidelberg were the Indologists Leopold von Schroeder, Moriz Winternitz, and Franz Kielhorn and the Iranists Friedrich Carl Andreas (q.v.) and Jacob Wackernagel.

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• DEŽ Ī NEBEŠT

  Mansour Shaki

  (Mid. Pers. diz ī nibišt “fortress of archives,” lit. “writing”), supposedly one of two repositories in which copies of the Avesta and its exegesis (zand) were deposited for safekeeping.

• BĀJ (2)

  W. Floor

  a term denoting tribute to be paid by vassals to their overlord, in which sense it is also used as a generic term “tax,” or as referring to road tolls.

• ANŌŠAG-RUWĀN

  C. J. Brunner

  "of immortal soul", originally a respectful euphemism, becoming in the Islamic period an aristocratic proper name.

• DĀRĀ (City)

  Michael Weiskopf

  the name of a Parthian city and of a Byzan­tine garrison town of the Sasanian period.

• GORGĀN iv. Archeology

  Muhammad Yusof Kiani

  The Greek historian Arrian, recording Alexander’s expedition to the East, speaks of Alexander’s march to the city of Zadracarta, the largest town in the region and the capital of Hyrcania, where the royal palace was situated.

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• BOZPAR

  Louis Vanden Berghe

  a valley situated about 100 km southwest of Kāzerūn and 11 km by donkey path through the mountains from Sar Mašhad, Fārs. The most important ruin in the Bozpār valley is the building known locally as Gūr-e Doḵtar.

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• APARNA

  P. Lecoq

  (Gk. Aparnoi/Parnoi, Lat. Aparni or Parni), an east Iranian tribe established on the Ochos (modern Taǰen, Teǰend) and one of the three tribes in the confederation of the Dahae.

• Jāmāsp i. REIGN

  JAMSHEED K. CHOKSY

  Jāmāsp or Zāmāsp (Middle Persian yʾmʾsp, zʾmʾsp; Greek Zamásphēs; Arabic Jāmāsb, Zāmāsb, Zāmāsf; New Persian Jāmāsp, Zāmāsp) ascended to the Sasanian throne in 496.

• TEPE YAHYA

  D. T. Potts

  (Tappe Yaḥyā), archeological site in the Soḡun valley, Kerman province, ca. 220 km south of Kerman and 130 km north of the Straits of Hormuz.

• ASPAČANĀ

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  a senior official under Darius the Great and Xerxes.

• COMMERCE iii. In the Parthian and Sasanian periods

  Richard N. Frye

  There are few contemporary sources on commerce in the Parthian period, and no archeological site on the Persian plateau has yielded finds that shed light on the subject.

• ZEǏMAL’, Evegeniǐ Vladislavovich

  Alexander Nikitin

  (1932-1998), Russian numismatist and historian of ancient Iran and Central Asia.

• HERZFELD, ERNST iv. HERZFELD AND THE PAIKULI INSCRIPTION

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  The monument at Paikuli (Pāikūlī) lies on the Iraqi side of the border with Iran on a north-south line drawn from Solaimānīya in Iraq to Qaṣr-e Šīrīn in Persia on the ancient road from Ctesiphon to Azerbaijan.

• IRANSHENASI

  Abbas Milani

  a journal of Iranian studies, began publication under the editorship of Jalāl Matini and with the help of generous Iranians who have been willing to subsidize it since the spring of 1989, when its first issue was published.

• HORMOZD I

  M. RAHIM SHAYEGAN

  Sasanian great king (r. 272-73 CE), the throne name of Šāpur I’s son and and successor, Hormozd-Ardašēr.

• BUKHARA ii. From the Arab Invasions to the Mongols

  C. E. Bosworth

  The first appearance of Arab armies there is traditionally placed in Moʿāwīa’s caliphate when, according to Naršaḵī, ʿObayd-Allāh b. Zīād b. Abīhe crossed the Oxus and appeared at Bukhara (673-74).

• GANDĀPŪR

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  one of two Šērānī Pashtun/Paxtun tribal segments (the other being the Baḵtīār), who claim origin in southwestern Afghanistan.

• HUNS

  Martin Schottky

  collective term for horsemen of various origins leading a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, thought to have descended from the Hsiung-nu, a nomadic people first mentioned in Chinese sources in 318 BCE.

• DĒNAG

  Philippe Gignoux

  name of several Sasanian queens; it was not feminine by derivation but was clearly reserved for feminine prosopography.

• ĀL-E MĪKĀL

  R. W. Bulliet

  the leading aristocratic family of western Khorasan from the 3rd/9th to the 5th/11th century.

• BĀBAK (1)

  R. N. Frye

  (Mid. Pers. Pāpak, Pābag), a ruler of Fārs at the beginning of the third century, father of Ardašīr, the founder of the Sasanian dynasty.  

• ŠAHRESTĀNĪHĀ Ī ĒRĀNŠAHR

  Touraj Daryaee

  (The Provincial Capitals of Iran), the only major surviving Middle Persian text on geography.

• COURTS AND COURTIERS ii. In the Parthian and Sasanian periods

  Philippe Gignoux

  In the absence of records, a full picture of court life under the Parthians and Sasanians cannot be pieced together.

• DUNG

  Willem Floor

  human and animal excrement, widely used in Persia and Afghanistan for fuel and fertilizer.

• YAZDEGERD II

  Touraj Daryaee

  Sasanian king, whose reign is marked by wars with Byzantium in the west and the Hephthalites in the east.  He stayed in the east for some years fighting the nomadic tribes and is known for imposing Zoroastrianism in Armenia.

• BIDAXŠ

  Werner Sundermann

  title of an official, a word of Iranian origin found in various languages from the first to the eighth century.

• ĀL-E BORHĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  the name of a family of spiritual and civic leaders in Bokhara during the 6th/12th and early 7th/13th centuries.

• ČORMĀGŪN

  Peter Jackson

  Mongol general and military gov­ernor in Persia, d. ca. 639/1242.

• ĀMĀRGAR

  D. N. MacKenzie, M. L. Chaumont

  a Middle and New Persian word designating a person holding a particular administrative post.

• AMĪR

  C. E. Bosworth

  “commander, governor, prince” in Arabic. The term seems to be basically Islamic; although it does not occur in the Koran, we do find there the related concept of the “holders of authority.”

• ČĀČ

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (Ar. Šāš), the name of a district and of a town in medieval Transoxania; the name of the town was gradually supplanted by that of Tashkent from late Saljuq and Mongol times onwards.

• COURTS AND COURTIERS iv. Under the Mongols

  Peter Jackson

  During the early stages of the Mongol presence Persia was ruled, on behalf of the great khan (qaḡan, qaʾan/qāʾān) in Mongolia, by military governors based in Azerbaijan and in Khorasan, but, with the coming of Hülegü (Hūlāgū) in 654/1256 and the establishment of the Il-khanid state, the country was once again the seat of a resident sovereign.

• JABḠUYA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  Arabo-Persian form of the Central Asian title yabḡu. Although it is best known as a Turkish title of nobility, it was in use many centuries before the Turks appear in the historical record.

• BARĪD

  C. E. Bosworth

  the official postal and intelligence service of the early Islamic caliphate and its successor states. The service operated by means of couriers mounted on mules or horses or camels or traveling on foot.

• ĀMOL (ĀMŪYA)

  C. E. Bosworth

   town situated three miles from the left bank of the Oxus river (Āmū Daryā).

• MEHR-NARSEH

  Touraj Daryaee

  The grand vizier (Mid. Pers. wuzurg framādār) during the reigns of the Sasanian kings Yazdgerd I (r. 399-421 CE), Bahrām V (r. 421-39), Yazdgerd II (r. 439-57), and Pērōz (r. 459-84).

• ETHIOPIA

  E. van Donzel

  Ethiopia (OPers. Kuša-) was located on the western fringe of the Achaemenid empire. The Ethiopians (OPers. Kušiyā; Gr. Aithí-opes “with [sun]burnt faces”) are named among the peoples of the Persian Empire and are included at the end of Herodotus’s satrapy list. 

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• BURIAL iii. In Zoroastrianism

  James R. Russell

  Death being regarded as an evil brought about by Aŋra Mainyu, the Destructive Spirit, the corpse of a holy creature, particularly man or dog, is considered to be greatly infested by the druj Nasu.

• EGYPT iv. Relations in the Sasanian period

  Ruth Altheim-Stiehl

  The occupation of Egypt, beginning in 619 or 618, was one of the triumphs in the last Sasanian war against Byzantium. Ḵosrow II Parvēz had begun this war in retaliation for the assassination of the Byzantine emperor Mauricius.

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• INDIA ii. Historical Geography

  Pierfrancesco Callieri

  The geographical borders between the Iranian plateau and the Indian subcontinent are well defined by features, such as mountain ranges, which represent the western limits of the Indus River valley.