Table of Contents

• SOUTHEAST ASIA ii. SHIʿITES IN

  M. Ismail Marchinkowski

  Along with Sufism, Shiʿite elements too entered Malay-Indonesian Islam, certainly by way of southern India, where it was well represented.

• SPĀHBED

  Rika Gyselen

   Sasanian title that denoted a high military rank and meant  ‘chief of an army, general.’

• SPEAR

  Boris A. Litvinsky

  (Av. aršti- ‘spear,’ OPers. aršti ‘throwing weapon’ or ‘javelin’) is mentioned in the Avesta several times.

• SPIEGEL, FRIEDRICH (VON)

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (1820 -1905), German orientalist and scholar of Iranian studies.

• SPULER, Bertold

  Werner Ende, Bert Fragner, Dagmar Riedel

  (1911-1990), German scholar of East European history and Oriental studies.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• STAMPS

  Cross-Reference

  see PHILATELY. 

• STANZAIC POETRY

  Gabrielle van den Berg

  Stanzaic verse forms have been part of the corpus of classical Persian poetry from the early stage onwards and have continued to play a role until modern times.  Though the quantity of stanzaic poetry in Persian literature is modest in comparison to other verse forms, a few examples of this genre have obtained widespread fame and an iconic value in Persian culture and society.

• STARK, FREYA Madeline

  Malise Ruthven

  British travel-writer.  Her 1934 book The Valley of the Assassins and Other Persian Travels belongs to the canon of English travel literature.

• STEEL INDUSTRY IN IRAN

  Willem Floor

   In 1927, plans were drawn up to establish smelting works in the north of the country to produce rail tracks domestically.

• STEIN, (Marc) Aurel

  Susan Whitfield

  , Sir, Hungarian–British archeologist and explorer (b. Pest, Hungary, 26 November 1862; d. Kabul, 28 October 1943).