Table of Contents

• ČĪNĪ

  John Carswell

  (lit. “Chinese”; borrowed in Arabic as ṣīnī), generic term for Chinese ceramic wares, including porcelain, a translucent, white-bodied ware fired at very high temperatures.

• CINNAMON

  Cross-reference

  See DĀRČĪNĪ.

• CINNAMUS

  Marie Louise Chaumont

  putative rival of Artabanus II (12-38) as king of the Arsacids.

• CINTĀMAṆI

  Priscilla Soucek

  the “wish-fulfilling jewel,” a motif consisting of either a single globe with a pointed extension at the apex or three such globes; either version could be surrounded by a flaming halo.

• ČINWAD PUHL

  Aḥmad Tafażżolī

  traditionally thought to mean “the bridge of the separator” but recently shown to be “the bridge of the accumulator/collector,” the name of a bridge that, according to a Mazdayasnian/Zoroastrian eschatological myth, leads from this world to the next and must be crossed by the souls of the departed.

• CIRCASSIANS

  Cross-Reference

  See ČARKAS.

• CIRCESIUM

  Joseph Wieseh

  a Roman border fortress in Mesopotamia, on the spit of land formed where the Ḵābūr, the present-day al-Boṣayra, flows into the Euphrates (see maps in Kettenhofen).

• CIRCUMCISION

  Ebrāhīm Šakūrzāda and Mahmoud Omidsalar

  Pers. ḵatna, sonnat (formally also taṭhīr or ḵetān), ḵatnakonān, and sonnatkonān; the last two terms also refer to the festivities associated with the circumcision ritual.

• ČIŠPIŠ

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (ca. 675-640 BCE), the son of Achaemenes, legendary founder of the Achaemenid dynasty and father of Darius’s great-grandfather Ariaramnes.

• CISSIANS

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  a name for the Susians, the Elamite inhabitants of Susiana.

• ČISTĀ

  Jean Kellens

  and Čisti; Avestan derivatives of the verb cit “to notice, to understand.”

• ČĪSTĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See RIDDLE.

• CISTERN

  Cross-Reference

  See  ĀB-ANBAR.

• ČĪT

  Jennifer M. Scarce

  cotton cloth decorated with block-printed or painted designs in multiple colors.

• CITIES

  Multiple Authors

  i. Geographical introduction. ii. City planning, construction, and architecture. See Supplement. iii. Administration and social organization. iv. Modern urbanization and modernization in Persia. v. Modern urbanization and modernization in Afghanistan. vi. Urban Informal Settlements in Modern Iran.

• CITIES i. Geographical Introduction

  Xavier De Planhol

  There is a long history of settlement on Persian territory, where urban life was firmly established in antiquity, and cities continued to proliferate, though, owing to fluctuations in the population, they were highly unstable.

• CITIES iii. Administration and Social Organization

  Ann K. S. Lambton

  This article on the administration and social organization of Persian cities in the Islamic period discusses the following terms and offices: aḥdāṯ, amīr, amīr al-sūq, beglarbegī, ʿasas, čerāḡčī, dārūḡa, dārūḡa-šāgerd, dārūḡačī, dīvānbegī, farrāš, gazma, goḏaṛčī, ḥākem, kadḵodā, kalāntar, mehmāndār-bāšī, mīr-šab, mīrāb, moḥaṣṣes, moḥtaseb, moqtaʿ, naqīb, naqīb al-ašrāf, raʾīs, ṣāḥeb al-šorṭa, šeḥna, wālī.

• CITIES iv. Modern Urbanization and Modernization in Persia

  Eckart Ehlers

  Over a period of decades the rapidly growing popula­tion of Persia has simultaneously become increasingly urbanized. More and more people live in increasingly larger cities, and the largest cities tend to grow at a rate above the average.

• CITIES v. Modern Urbanization and Modernization in Afghanistan

  Erwin Grötzbach

  Since 1359 Š./1980 the flight of millions of Afghans, not only out of the country but also to relatively secure cities like Kabul and Mazār-e Šarīf, has been reflected in a sharp increase in the level of urbanization.

• CITIES vi. Urban Informal Settlements in Modern Iran

  Pooya Alaedini

  This article discusses the development of informal settlements in Iran and the evolution of government policies and programs dealing with them.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.