Table of Contents

  • CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN PERSIA

    Cross-reference

    IN PERSIA. See ENGLAND, CHURCH OF, IN PERSIA.

  • CHURNS AND CHURNING

    Marcel Bazin and Christian Bromberger

    There are three distinct ways in which milk is normally processed. In the first it is heated, pressed, and squeezed dry to make cheese (panīr). Cheese making is uncommon in the Persian world. The other two methods begin with conversion of the milk into yogurt.

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  • CIA

    Cross-Reference

    See CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA) IN PERSIA.

  • ČIÇANTAXMA

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    an Iranian personal name signifying “brave in lineage.”

  • CICAST

    Cross-Reference

    See ČĒČAST.

  • CICERO

    Michael Weiskopf

    as a source for Parthian history; letters written by Roman statesman and political philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 b.c.e.) preserve a virtually unique con­temporary extra-Iranian source on Parthian military and diplomatic activities and the Roman response to them, particularly during the military-campaign season of 51­-50 b.c.e.

  • ČĪDAG ANDARZ Ī PŌRYŌTKĒŠĀN

    Mansour Shaki

    (Selected precepts of the ancient sages), a post-Sasanian compendium of apothegms intended to instruct every Zoroastrian male, upon his attaining the age of fifteen years, in fundamental religious and ethical principles, as well as in the daily duties incumbent upon him.

  • CIGARETTES

    Cross-Reference

    See DOḴĀNĪYĀT.

  • ČIHRDĀD NASK

    D. N. MacKenzie

    one of the lost nasks of the Avesta.

  • CILICIA

    Michael Weiskopf

    the southeastern portion of the present Turkish coast, a satrapy of the Achaemenid empire (6th-4th centuries BCE, subsequently incorporated into the Macedonian and Roman empires.

  • ČĪM Ī DRŌN

    Cross-Reference

    See DRŌN.

  • ČĪM Ī KUSTĪG

    Cross-Reference

    See KUSTĪG.

  • CIMMERIANS

    Sergei R. Tokhtas’ev

    a nomadic people, most likely of Iranian origin, who flourished in the 8th-7th centuries B.C.

  • ČĪN TĪMŪR

    Peter Jackson

    the first governor of Khorasan and Māzandarān on behalf of the Mongols.

  • CINEMA

    Multiple Authors

    This series of articles treats the history of cinema in Persia, Persian feature film, Persian documentary films, film censorship in Persia, and filmography in Persia.

  • CINEMA i. History of Cinema in Persia

    Farrokh Gaffary

    Regularly scheduled film screenings were introduced in Tehran by Ārdāšes Batmāngarīān, known as Ardašīr Khan, who had worked at Pathé in Paris at the turn of the century.

     

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  • CINEMA ii. Feature Films

    Jamsheed Akrami

    Feature-film production in Persia spans six decades and can be divided into four distinct periods, each reflecting contemporary social, cultural, and political realities.

  • CINEMA iii. Documentary Films

    Hamid Naficy

    Be­fore World War I most Persian documentaries were sponsored and viewed only by the Qajar ruling family and the upper classes. They were apparently technically primitive and in a simple narrative format, consisting of footage of news events, topics of current interest, and spectacles, usually filmed in long shot.

  • CINEMA iv. Film Censorship

    Jamsheed Akrami

    Persian cinema has been subject from its beginnings to official censorship responding to the concerns of the government, religious establishments, professional groups, and even film distributors.

  • CINEMA v. Filmography

    EIr

    A list of films discussed in i-iv above, listed here by year of release and alphabetically within each year. When the information is available producers are listed after the translated titles.