Table of Contents

• ʿĀṢEMI, Moḥammad

  Habib Borjian

  (also Osimi and Asimov) Tajik educator, scholar, statesman, and humanist (b. Ḵojand, 1 September 1920; d. Dushanbe, 29 July 1996).

• ʿĀŠEQ

  C. F. Albright

  in Azerbaijan, Iran, and the Republic of Azerbaijan, a poet and minstrel who accompanies his singing on a long-necked, fretted, plucked chordophone known as a sāz.

• ʿĀŠEQ EṢFAHĀNĪ

  K. Amīrī Fīrūzkūhī

  a Persian poet of the 12th/18th century (pen name ʿĀšeq).

• ʿĀŠEQ HAWĀSĪ

  C. F. Albright

  “melody of the ʿāšeq,” term referring to (1) a type of poem often sung by ʿāšeqs in Iranian Azerbaijan and (2) the typical manner of singing the poem and the manner of accompanying it on the musical instrument.

• ASFĀD JOŠNAS

  A. Tafażżolī

  a native of Ardašīr-ḵorra (Gūr, Fīrūzābād) who commanded the supporters of Šērōya.

• ASFAND

  H. Gaube

  a medieval district (kūra) of the quarter (robʿ) of Nīšāpūr of Khorasan province.

• ASFĀNŪR

  Cross-Reference

  See MADĀʾEN.

• ASFĀR AL-ARBAʿA

  F. Rahman

  (The four journeys), title of the magnum opus of Mollā Ṣadrā (d. 1050/1641).

• ASFĀR B. ŠĪRŪYA

  C. E. Bosworth

  early 10th-century military leader during the period of Samanid expansion.

• ASFEZĀR

  C. E. Bosworth

  (or ASFŌZAR), designation of a district (kūra) and later its chief town in the Herat quarter of Khorasan.