Search Results for “bahrain”

• BAHRAIN

  X. De Planhol, X. De Planhol, J. A. Kechichian

  Ar. Baḥrayn, lit. “two seas,” the name originally applied to the area of the northeastern Arabian peninsula now known as Ḥasā (Aḥsāʾ). i. Geography. ii. Shiʿite elements in Bahrain. iii. History of political relations with Iran.

• BAḤRAYN

  cross-reference

  See BAHRAIN.

• HAJAR

  Cross-Reference

  See BAHRAIN.

• ĀZĀD FĪRŪZ

  A. Tafażżolī

  governor of Bahrain and the surrounding area in the time of Ḵosrow (probably Ḵosrow II Parvēz).

• BAḤRĀNĪ, AḤMAD

  E. Kohlberg

  B. MOḤAMMAD B. YŪSOF B. ṢĀLEḤ (d. 1690-91), described as the leading representative in his generation of Imami Shiʿite scholarship in Bahrain.

• EBN ŠĀHAWAYH

  Wilferd Madelung

  a leader and envoy of the Carmatians.

• ABŪ SAʿĪD JANNĀBĪ

  W. Madelung

  founder of the Qarmaṭī state in Baḥrain (b. between 230/845, and 240/855, d. 300/913 or 301/913-14). 

• FAYŻĪ, ABU’L-QĀSEM

  Moojan Momen

  (1906-1980), Bahai teacher, missionary, and author.

• ḤAMDĀN QARMAṬ

  Wilferd Madelung

  b. al-Ašʿaṯ (d. 933), Ismaʿili dāʿi and founder of the Ismaʿili movement in Iraq.

• BAḤRĀNĪ, HĀŠEM

  W. Madelung

  B. SOLAYMĀN (d. 1695-96), Imami Shiʿite scholar and author. The number of his books and treatises is said to have approached seventy-five.

• BAḤRĀNĪ, YŪSOF

  E. Kohlberg

  B. AḤMAD B. EBRĀHĪM DERĀZĪ (b. 1695-96, d. 1772), Imami Shiʿite author and jurisprudent.

• ABU MUSĀ i - ii

  E. Ehlers

  island in the Persian Gulf.

• ELĀHĪ QOMŠA’Ī, MAHDĪ

  S. Moḥammad Dabīrsīāqī

  b. Abu’l-Ḥasan (b. in Qomša, 1902; d. in Tehran, 1975), poet and professor of Islamic law and philosophy.

• EMĀMQOLĪ KHAN

  Roger M. Savory

  son of the celebrated Georgian ḡolām Allāhverdī Khan; governor-general (beglarbeg) of Fārs in the early 17th century.

• FARĀMARZĪ, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN

  Mohammad Zarnegar

  (b. Gačūya, 1897; d. Tehran, 1972), an outspoken journalist, writer, educator, Majles deputy, and poet.

• EBN ḤAWŠAB, ABU’L-QĀSEM ḤASAN

  Heinz Halm

  b. Faraj (or Faraḥ) b. Ḥawšab b. Zāḏān Najjār Kūfī, known also as Manṣūr al-Yaman (d. 914), Ismaʿili dāʿī and founder of the Ismaʿili community in northern Yemen.

• KAFTARI WARE

  C. A. Petrie

  distinctive ceramic vessels dated to the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BCE, primarily found in Fārs.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NAVY i. Nāder Shah and the Iranian Navy

  Michael Axworthy

  earliest moves toward establishing a navy arose out of the consequences of his military campaigns in the interior of Persia.

• ARABIA ii. The Sasanians and Arabia

  Daniel T. Potts

  Within a few years after the commencement of Ardašir I’s (r. ca. 224-242) program of conquest, the Sasanians undertook military engagements in both northeastern Arabia and Oman.

• BAḤRĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN

  W. Madelung

  (also KAMĀL-AL-DĪN) ʿALĪ B. SOLAYMĀN SETRAWĪ, Imami Shiʿite scholar and philosopher inclining to mysticism (13th century).

• ʿARAB i. Arabs and Iran in the pre-Islamic period

  C. E. Bosworth

  Centuries of contacts between the Arabs and Persians should have left behind some legacy in the fields of thought and culture, but such a legacy is not easy to quantify or to evaluate.

• GOUVEA, ANTONIO DE

  Rudi Matthee

  (b. Beja, Portugal, 1575; d. Manzanares, Spain, 1628), Augustinian missionary and Portuguese envoy who visited Persia three times between 1602 and 1613 and who wrote on Persia.

• LORIMER, David i. In Persia

  Fereydun Vahman and Garnik Asatrian

  (1876-1962), British Iranist and military and intelligence officer. He had a keen interest in the dialect and folklore of the region. He used to collect his material on dialects from elderly informants and would spend the evenings working with them. 

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• BAHAISM xiii. Bahai Pioneers

  Moojan Momen

  “Pioneer” (in English) and mohājer (in Persian) are terms used in Bahai literature to designate those who leave their homes to settle in another locality with the intention of spreading the Bahai faith or supporting existing Bahai communities.

• ARDAŠĪR-ḴORRA

  C. E. Bosworth

  one of the five administrative divisions (kūra) of Fārs, in Sasanian and early Islamic times.

• KETĀB AL-EṢLĀḤ

  Shin Nomoto

  an early Ismaʿili work in Arabic by Abu Ḥātem Rāzi (d. 933-34).

• BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN ʿĀMELĪ

  E. Kohlberg

  (1547-1621), SHAIKH MOḤAMMAD B. ḤOSAYN BAHĀʾĪ, Imami scholar and author, a prolific writer, in Imami circles regarded as one of the leading lights of his age.

• DARYĀBEYGĪ

  Guity Nashat

  lit. "sea lord"; originally an Ottoman naval title dating from the 15th century.

• KRÁMSKÝ, JIRÍ

  Jiri Bečka

  (1913-1991), Czech general linguist who specialized in Persian language studies. He then studied English and Persian (the latter under Professor J. Rypka) at the Charles University, Prague. 

• ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (1)

  R. M. Savory

  (d.1022/1613), a Georgian ḡolām who rose to high office in the Safavid state. 

• SHIʿITES IN ARABIA

  Werner Ende

  survey of the Arabian peninsula including Persian Gulf regions.

• ALBUQUERQUE, ALFONSO DE

  J. Aubin

  (ca. 1460-1515), admiral in the Indian Ocean (1504, 1506-08), second governor of Portuguese India (1509-15), a great conqueror, and the real founder of the Portuguese empire in the Orient.

• ʿABDĀN B. AL-RABĪṬ

  W. Madelung

  early Ismaʿili missionary (dāʿī).

• ḠĪĀṮ-AL-DĪN NAQQĀŠ

  Priscilla Soucek

  a painter (naqqāš) active in Herat ca. 1419-30, where he was in the employ of the Timurid Bāysonḡor b. Šāhroḵ.

• AMAL AL-ĀMEL

  J. van Ess

  biographical dictionary of Shiʿite (Etnāʿašarī) scholars originating from the Jabal ʿĀmel in south Lebanon, composed by Moḥammad b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī Mašḡarī, known as Ḥorr-e ʿĀmelī (1033-1104/1624-1693).

• MARITIME TRADE i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Daniel T. Potts

  In comparison with Mesopotamia, Persia has far less proof that maritime trade was an important factor in her ancient economy.

• BANDAR-E LENGA

  D. T. Potts

  (lat 26° 33’ N, long 54° 53’ E), a small port on the coast of Lārestān.

• ʿARAB v. Arab-Iranian relations in modern times

  R. K. Ramazani

  The military coup of Reżā Khan (1921) and his accession to the throne (1925) resulted in sufficient governmental capacity to conduct foreign affairs effectively. Reżā Shah’s good-neighbor policy addressed three major problems with Iraq.

• ʿALĪ B. ʿĪSĀ B. DĀʾŪD

  D. Sourdel

   B. AL-JARRĀḤ (245-334/859-946), vizier during the reign of the caliph Moqtader (r. 908-32). His family was of Persian origin resident in Iraq.

• CARMATIANS

  Farhad Daftary

  (Ar. Qarāmeṭa; sing. Qarmaṭī), the name given to the adherents of a branch of the Ismaʿili movement during the 3rd/9th century.

• PEARL ii. ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Daniel T. Potts

  ii. ISLAMIC PERIOD In the Islamic era pearls have been widely used—strung to make necklaces or sewn onto textiles, used to decorate hats, crowns, daggers, and scabbards.

• HAZELNUT

  H. Aʿlam

  (fandoq), the hard-shelled fruit of the shrub (or small tree) Corylus avellana L. (fam. Corylaceae), containing an edible kernel of high nutritious value.

• ḤIRA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  city on the desert fringes of southwestern Mesopotamia; known in pre-Islamic times as the capital of the Lakhmid Arab dynasty, clients of the Sasanians, it survived as an urban settlement into the early centuries of the Islamic period.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• BALUCHISTAN ii. Archeology

  J. G. Shaffer

  may have been inhabited first during the Pleistocene as proposed by Hume (1976), based on Paleolithic sites found in the Ladiz valley.

• ABŪ MŪSĀ AŠʿARĪ

  G. R. Hawting

  a Companion of the Prophet and important participant in the troubles which occupied the caliphate of ʿAlī. 

• ESMĀʿĪL b. JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ

  Farhad Daftary

  the sixth Imam and the eponym of the Ismaʿilis.

• FATIMIDS

  Farhad Daftary

  relations with Persia. A major Ismaʿili Shiʿite dynasty, the Fatimids founded their own caliphate, in rivalry with the ʿAbbasids, and ruled over different parts of the Islamic world, from North Africa and Sicily to Palestine and Syria.

• CHLORITE

  Philip Kohl

  Chlorite ranges in color from light gray to deep green and darkens when exposed to fire; it was highly valued during certain prehistoric periods. Elaborate stone ves­sels carved with repeating designs, both geometric and naturalistic, in an easily recognizable “intercultural style,” were made primarily of chlorite.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• DE GOEJE, MICHAIL JAN

  A. J. M. Vrolijk

  (b. Dronrijp, Friesland, 18 August 1836, d. Leiden, 17 May 1909), Dutch orientalist and chief editor of Ṭabari’s world history, Taʾriḵ al-rosol wa’l-moluk.

• HEDGEHOG

  Steven C. Anderson

  (ḵār-pošt, juja-tiḡi, čula), member of the Erinaceinae sub-family of the Erinaceidae family of insectivores; animals the size of a small rabbit. The various species of hedgehogs are found in deciduous woodlands, cultivated fields, and desert regions. 

  This Article Has Images/Tables.