Search Results for “tulip”

• HEMIN MOKRIĀNI

  Joyce Blau

  the pen name of Sayyed Moḥammad Amini Šayḵ-al-Eslām Mokri, Kurdish poet and journalist (1921-1986).

• ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ NAYSABŪRĪ

  E. Baer

  Metalworker of the second half of the 6th/12th century.

• PAYĀM-E MAŠREQ

  David Matthews

  Title of a collection of Persian verse by Muhammad Iqbal.

• JENJĀN

  Daniel T. Potts

  coll. Jenjun, “Jinjun,” village in western Fārs, small archeological site of the Achaemenid period. 

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• ḴIRI

  Ahmad Aryavand and Bahram Grami

  wallflower, a widely cultivated, sweet-smelling, ornamental plant of the mustard family, which often grows on old walls, rocks, and quarries, particularly limestone.

• ARBERRY, ARTHUR JOHN

  E. P. Elwell-Sutton

  British orientalist (1905-1969).

• IQBAL, MUHAMMAD

  Annemarie Schimmel

  spiritual father of Pakistan and leading Persian and Urdu poet of India in the first half of the 20th century (1877-1938). He was well versed in the various fields of European philosophy and thought. He was equally well read in the Eastern tradition, and special mention should be made of his analysis of Persian thought in his thesis of 1907.

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• ZEMESTĀN-E 62

  ʿAli Ferdowsi

  (Winter of 62, 1987), a novel published by the well-known and prolific Persian novelist Esmāʿil Fasih.

• CORAL

  Hūšang Aʿlam

  the skeletal deposit of marine polyps, often treated as a gem material.

• WAṢF

  A. A. Seyed-Gohrab

  a literary term meaning “description;” but it can carry several other connotations, including “quality,” “attribute,” “characterization,” “distinguishing mark,” and “adjective.”

• CRYSTAL

  Layla S. Diba

  originally a type of fine glass developed in England in the 17th century and owing its special clarity and brilliance to the high refractive index of lead oxide in the metal; the term is often applied to fine glass in general.

• CROWN iii. On monuments from the Islamic conquest to the Mongol invasion

  Elsie H. Peck

  One of the most durable types of royal headgear was the winged crown, first observed on coins and reliefs of the Sasanian Bahrām II. 

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• BOXTREE

  Hūšang Aʿlam

  Buxus L. spp., šemšād, common name for numerous species of evergreen shrubs or trees of the family Buxaceae. The species B. sempervirens grows wild in lowland or plain forests of the Caspian provinces.

• FLORA i. Historical Background

  Karl Hummel

  The indigenous knowledge of plants in Persia had a long standing tradition before the country’s flora was explored by Europeans, who were eventually joined in modern scientific botany by Persian botanists.

• ART IN IRAN viii. ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIA

  G. A. Pugachenkova

  Under Islam the sculpture and mural painting previously displayed in Central Asia almost completely disappeared, and ornament took pride of place.

• INDIA iii. RELATIONS: ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Pierfrancesco Callieri

  The conquest by Darius I of the territories of the Indian subcontinent west of the Indus for the first time created a clear relationship between India and Iran.

• ʿALAM VA ʿALĀMAT

  J. Calmard, J. W. Allan

  In both Arabic and Persian, the word ʿalam conveys various senses connected with the general meaning of a distinctive sign or mark. In Persian the word had early carried the meaning of ensign and of standard or flag. The same meanings may also be rendered by the word ʿalāma, which derives from the same root.

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• LIGHTING EQUIPMENT AND HEATING FUEL

  Willem Floor

  Before the widespread use of electricity in Iran, the main illuminants were vegetable oils and animal fat.

• P~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  list of all the figure and plate images in the letter P entries.

• ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI ii. IN POPULAR SHIʿISM

  Jean Calmard

  Legendary accounts about Ḥosayn and his martyrdom were from the outset influenced by his status as a Shiʿite Imam.

• ČĀY

  Daniel Balland and Marcel Bazin

  shrub of the genus Camellia and beverage made from its leaves, probably the most popular drink throughout the Iranian world. It is not known when Persians first became acquainted with the beverage. Bīrūnī,  in his Ketāb al-ṣaydana, written in the first half of the 11th century, gave some details about the plant čāy and its use as a beverage in China and Tibet.

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• COLOR

  Annemarie Schimmel, Priscilla P. Soucek

  (Pers. rang). i. Color symbolism in Persian literature. ii. Use and importance of color in Persian art. 

• GOL

  Hušang Aʿlam

  or gul; rose (Rosa L. spp.) and, by extension, flower, bloom, blossom.

• GRAPHIC ARTS

  Mortażā Momayyez, Peter Chelkowski

  Broadly speaking, graphic art and design have a long history in Persia; their antecedents can be seen in graphic motifs and patterns on ancient clay and metal vessels, stone reliefs, seals, brickwork, glazed tiles, plaster and wood carvings, cloths, carpets, marquetry, miniature paintings, calligraphy, and illumination of manuscripts.

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• STANZAIC POETRY

  Gabrielle van den Berg

  Stanzaic verse forms have been part of the corpus of classical Persian poetry from the early stage onwards and have continued to play a role until modern times,  alhough the quantity of stanzaic poetry in Persian literature is modest in comparison to other verse forms.

• FASIH, Esma’il

  Ali Ferdowsi

  Fasih left Iran in 1956, and eventually ended up in Montana State College in Bozeman, Montana. Beginning with his junior year at the college, he transferred to the University of Montana in Missoula where he earned a BS in Chemistry and a BA in English.

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• BOTANICAL STUDIES

  Hūšang Aʿlam, S.-W. Breckle, Hūšang Aʿlam and Aḥmad Qahramān

  ON IRAN i. The Greco-Islamic tradition. ii. The Western tradition. iii. Persian Studies in the Western tradition. In the Islamic period, generally speaking, botany was an ancillary branch of medicine or, more precisely, pharmacology.

• RHETORICAL FIGURES

  Natalia Chalisova

  devices of embellishment, tropes, and figures considered as an intrinsic part of literary expression in medieval Persia.

• ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography

  George E. Lane

  (1201-74), philosopher, physician, astronomer, vizier, and chronicler of Il-Khanid times.

• CLOTHING viii. In Persia from the Arab conquest to the Mongol invasion

  Elsie H. Peck

  There is evidence that styles of the late Sasanian period in Persia continued to be worn for some time after the Islamic conquest. The costume worn by “Bahrām Gōr” in a relief from the same site probably reflects that of a man of high rank.

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• KUH-E ḴᵛĀJA

  Soroor Ghanimati

  a well preserved archeological site of chiefly Sasanian date, in the delta of the Helmand River, in the Iranian province of Sistān, near Zābol. The sacred precinct is located on the monumental upper part of the site and has inevitably attracted most attention.

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• SEPEHRI, Sohrab

  Houman Sarshar

  (1928-1980), notable Iranian poet and painter.