Search Results for “iranian History”

• IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (3) Chronological Table

  Ehsan Yarshater

  A chronological table of events. This records major happenings of Iranian pre-history and history from the most ancient times to 2005.

• IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 1)

  Ehsan Yarshater

  Iran in the Islamic Period (651-1980s). This section of Persian history begins with the conquest by Muslim Arabs and the introduction of Islam to Persia, the gradual conversion of the Persians to the faith of the conquerors, and some 200 years of Arab rule.

• IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 2)

  Ehsan Yarshater

  Formation of local dynasties. The Taherids (821-73). The first of these dynasties came into being when Ṭāher b. Ḥosayn was appointed the governor of Khorasan with full power.

• IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 6)

  Ehsan Yarshater

  Moḥammad Reza Shah (1941-79). The long history of Russian and British interventions in Persian affairs had fostered widespread resentment against the two great powers.

• IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 3)

  Ehsan Yarshater

  The Saljuqids (1040-1194). The plains of Central Asia, northwestern China, and western Siberia were breeding grounds for nomadic people, who kept multiplying and searching for new pastures.

• IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 4)

  Ehsan Yarshater

  The Safavids (1501-1722). The advent of the Safavids constitutes one of the major turning points in Persian history.

• IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (4) Index of Proper Names

  Ehsan Yarshater

  Index of proper names that occur in the chronological table.

• IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 5)

  Ehsan Yarshater

  The Qajar dynasty (1779-1924). The Qajar were a Turkmen tribe who first settled during the Mongol period in the vicinity of Armenia and were among the seven Qezelbāš tribes that supported the Safavids.

• IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (1) Pre-Islamic Times

  Ehsan Yarshater

  This section provides a concise introduction to the history of Iran from its beginnings to modern times. The generally recognized periods of the country’s history are reviewed, and some of the major motifs or themes in the politics or culture of the various periods are discussed.

• ART IN IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  The history of art in Iran and Iranian lands.

• IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  The following sub-entries will provide an overview of the unifying factors which constitute Iran through time and across space, while also showing the complexity and heterogeneity of the components of Iranian culture.

• IRANIAN IDENTITY

  Multiple Authors

  collective feeling by Iranian peoples of belonging to the historic lands of Iran. This sense of identity, defined both historically and territorially, evolved from a common historical experience and cultural tradition.

• IRANIAN STUDIES

  Cross-Reference

  See under the names of individual countries and universities.

• CHINESE TURKESTAN

  Multiple Authors

  (Sinkiang, Xinjiang), IRANIAN ELEMENTS IN.

• Iranian National March

  music sample

• INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES

  cross-reference

  See IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS.

• BĪDĀRĪ-E ĪRĀNĪĀN, TĀRĪḴ-E

  cross-reference

  See TĀRĪḴ-E BĪDĀRĪ-E ĪRĀNĪĀN.

• IRANIAN IDENTITY v. POST-REVOLUTIONARY ERA

  Cross-Reference

  Iranian identity during the post-revolutionary era will be discussed in a future online entry.

• ĀB

  Multiple Authors

  Persian word meaning “water.”

• ANGLO-IRANIAN WAR

  Cross-Reference

  See ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR.

• RUSSIA

  Multiple Authors

  I. Russo-Iranian Relations up to the Bolshevik Revolution. II. Iranian-Soviet Relations (1917-1991). III. Travelers in Persia to 1917. IV. Russians at the court of Moḥammad-ʿAli Shah.

• BIBLE

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles covers various aspects of the Bible, as pertaining to Iran and Iranian lands.

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (2) In Pre-Islamic Iran

  Gernot Windfuhr

  Of the three known pre-Islamic languages (Urartian, Kassite, and Elamite), only Urartian and Elamite are fairly well known.

• GEORGIA

  Multiple Authors

  (Pers. Gorjestān; Ar. al-Korj). This series of entries covers Georgia and its relations with Iran.

• ĀŠBANAKKUŠ

  M. Mayrhofer

  name of an Iranian in the Persepolis Fortification Tablets.

• ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles covers relations between England and Iran from the Safavid to the Pahlavi periods. 

• BALUCHISTAN

  Multiple Authors

  generally understood by the Baluch and their neighbors to comprise an area of over half a million square kilometers in the southeastern part of the Iranian plateau, south of the central deserts and the Helmand river, and in the arid coastal lowlands between the Iranian plateau and the Gulf of Oman.

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles deals with Chinese-Iranian relations spanning from Pre-Islamic times to the Constitutional Revolution in Iran.

• FARŠĒDVARD

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  a Kayanian prince in the Iranian legendary history, son of Goštāsp and brother of Esfandīār.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY

  Multiple Authors

  This entry is concerned with the historiography of the Iranian and Persephone world from the pre-Islamic period through the 20th century in Persian and other Iranian languages. The periods and their subdivisions of this historiography are covered in 14 articles.

• IRANIAN STUDIES, SOCIETY FOR

  Cross-Reference

  See SOCIETY FOR IRANIAN STUDIES.

• DANISH-IRANIAN RELATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  See DENMARK.

• PROSODY

  Multiple Authors

  systems, styles, and theories of versification in the Iranian world.

• ANGLO-IRANIAN AGREEMENT

  Cross-Reference

  See ANGLO-PERSIAN AGREEMENT.

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (8) Semitic Languages

  Gernot Windfuhr

   First Aramaic and then Arabic had considerable contact with Iranian languages. Their impact differs.

• JAPAN vii. IRANIAN STUDIES, ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Cross-Reference

   Forthcoming, Online.

• ARTEMBARĒS

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Old Iranian proper name * Ṛtam-para-, meaning “who encourages the order.”

• AMMITMANYA

  M. Mayrhoffer

  an Iranian, to whom were entrusted 215 (?) BAR of grain provided for provisions at Tukraš.

• ANUŠAWAN

  J. R. Russell

  grandson of Ara, legendary king of Armenia, called sawsanuēr “devoted to the plane tree.”

• ARBACES

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Greek form of an Old Iranian proper name.

• AFRAHĀṬ

  J. P. Asmussen

  name attested in Syriac (ʾfrhṭ) of a number of Iranian Christian churchmen.

• IRAQ ix. IRANIAN COMMUNITY IN IRAQ

  cross-reference

  See DIASPORA vi.

• ḤĀJEB

  C. Edmund Bosworth, Rudi Matthee

  administrative and then military office in the pre-modern Iranian world.

• HERZFELD, ERNST

  Multiple Authors

  Herzfeld is known as an archeologist, philologist, and polyhistor, one of the towering figures in ancient Near Eastern and Iranian studies during the first half of the 20th century. To him we owe many decisive contributions to Islamic, Sasanian, and Prehistoric archeology and history of Iran, Iraq, and Syria. He was the first professor for Near Eastern archeology in the world.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• BUDDHISM

  Multiple Authors

  Among Iranian peoples. This series of articles covers Buddhism in Iran and Iranian lands: i.  In pre-Islamic times. ii.  InIslamic times. iii. Buddhist Literature in Khotanese and Tumshuqese. iv. Buddhist Sites in Afghanistan and Central Asia.

• HOJIR

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  in traditional Iranian history, a hero who guarded the Dež-e Sapid “White Fort” on the border of Iran and Turān.

• FOLKLORE STUDIES

  Multiple Authors

  aims to provide a summary of folklore studies made in or about the Iranian world. It encompasses a wide field of varying notions, ranging from popular beliefs and customs to myths, legends and other genres of oral literature.

• DEŽ-E SAFĪD

  Aḥmad Tafażżolī

  lit. "white fortress"; Iranian fortress located near the border with Tūrān and conquered by Sohrāb, son of the Iranian hero Rostam by the Turanian princess Tahmīna.

• CAUCASUS AND IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  CAUCASUS AND IRAN. The Iranian world is bordered in the northwest by the high mountain barrier of the Caucasus, which separates it from the vast Russian plains beyond. In relief, structure, and ecology the Caucasus constitutes a clear frontier between eastern Europe and western Asia, though it is more closely related to the latter.

• BOYLE, JOHN ANDREW

  Peter Jackson

  (1916-78), British orientalist, will perhaps best remembered for his work on the Mongol period of Iranian history.

• BULSARA, SOHRAB JAMSHEDJI

  Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa

  (1877-1945), Parsi scholar of Avestan, Pahlavi, Pazand, and Persian and Iranian history, born to a middle class family in Bulsar, Gujarat.  

• HÜSING, GEORG

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  versatile German scholar, whose fields included Old Iranian and Elamite studies (1869-1930).

• ĀDAMĪYAT

  L. P. Elwell-Sutton

  (“Humanity”), name of two Iranian periodicals.

• ĀṢLĀNDŪZ

  J. Qāʾem-Maqāmī

  (or AṢLĀNDŪZ), a small village in the northeast of the Iranian province of East Azerbaijan.

• GORDĀFARID

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  daughter of Gaždaham, the castellan of Dež-e Sapid, the Iranian fortress on the frontier with Turān.

• ITALY

  Multiple Authors

  : relations with Iran. Overview of the entry. i. Introduction. ii. Diplomatic and commercial relations. iii. Cultural relations. iv. Travel accounts. v. Iranian Studies, pre-Islamic. vi. Excavations in Iran. vii. Iranian Studies, Islamic period. viii. Persian manuscripts. ix. Persian art collections. x. Lirica Persica. xi. Translations of Persian works into Italian. xii. Translations of Italian works into Persian. xiii. Iranians in Italy. xiv. Current centers of Iranian Studies in Italy. xv. IsMEO

• BRITAIN

  cross-reference

  See ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS; GREAT BRITAIN.

• SOGDIAN LANGUAGE

  Multiple Authors

  one of the Eastern Middle Iranian languages once spoken in Sogdiana.

• JADE

  Manuel Keene

  (nephrite; Pers. yašm, yašb, yašf, yaṣb). An extremely small range of pre-Islamic Iranian jades have thus far been published, despite the very ancient employment of jade in eastern Iran. The known material is often of extraordinary refinement, and testifies to an extensive influence on other jadecarving cultures, including the Chinese.

• AZERBAIJAN

  Multiple Authors

  (Āḏarbāy[e]jān), historical region of northwestern Iran, east of Lake Urmia, since the Achaemenid era.

• BARRA

  G. Cardascia

  or bāru, an Iranian loanword designating a tax in Babylonian texts. The word appears nearly seventy times between 442 and 417 B.C. almost exclusively in tax receipts.

• GRANTOVSKIĬ, EDVIN ARVIDOVICH

  Mohammad Dandamayev

  Grantovskiĭ specialized in the history of ancient Iranian tribes (especially the Medes, Persians and Scythians) and their civilizations. His research was based on Akkadian and Urartian inscriptions, Iranian texts, and classical sources  and on evidence of archaeology, ethnography, and folklore.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CLEMEN, CARL CHRISTIAN

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (1865-1940), Ger­man Protestant theologian and historian of religions who compiled the classical passages on Iranian reli­gion.

• IRAN AND THE CAUCASUS

  Victoria Arakelova

  the annual international academic journal of the Caucasian Center for Iranian Studies, Yerevan (CCIS), founded in 1997.

• BAHAISM

  Multiple Authors

  or Bahai faith, a religion founded in the nineteenth century by Bahāʾ-Allāh that grew out of the Iranian messianic movement of Babism and developed into a world religion with internationalist and pacifist emphases.

• CHOAMANI

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  name of an eastern Iranian tribe (perhaps located in western Bactria), mentioned only by Pomponius Mela in an enumeration of the inhabitants of the interior lands.

• HELL

  Multiple Authors

  This entry will treat the concept of hell in the Iranian culture under two rubrics.

• GUBARU

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Babylonian rendering of the Iranian name Gaub(a)ruva, which is best known in the Greek form Gōbryas.

• FLAGS

  Multiple Authors

  This article is meant to supplement earlier entries on Iranian vexillology (see ʿALAM VA ʿALĀMAT, BANNERS, and DERAFŠ).

• IRAN-NAMEH

  Vahe Boyajian

  journal of Oriental studies, founded in Yerevan, Armenia, in May 1993 as a scholarly monthly publication in the Armenian language.

• DĀTAMIΘRA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Iranian personal name resulting from an inversion of Miθra-dāta- “given by Mithra” and continued in the New Persian Dādmehr.

• BURIAL

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles covers burial practices in Iran and Iranian lands.

• DATAPHERNES

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  name of an Iranian (perhaps Bactrian) officer in the entourage of Bessos, murderer of Darius III (336-30 B.C.E.).

• GERMANY

  Multiple Authors

  i. German-Persian diplomatic relations, ii. Archeological excavations and studies, iii. Iranian studies in German: Pre-Islamic period, iv. Iranian studies in German: Islamic period, v. German travelers and explorers in Persia, vi. Collections and study of Persian art in Germany, vii. Persia in German literature, viii. German cultural influence in Persia, ix. Germans in Persia, x. The Persian community in Germany.

• BAAT

  N. Sims-Williams, J. Russell

  an Iranian middle personal name; Baat is the name of a disciple of Mani mentioned in the Coptic “crucifixion narrative”. The word is borrowed in Armenian in the form “Bat” which translates to the name of the “nahapet” (family head).

• ASPET

  C. Toumanoff

  Armenian title.

• JAMALZADEH, MOHAMMAD-ALI

  Multiple Authors

  prominent Iranian intellectual, a pioneer of modern Persian prose fiction and of the genre of the short story (1892-1997).

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• BANŪ MONAJJEM

  D. Pingree

  a family of intellectuals, closely connected to the caliphs of the 9th-10th centuries and claiming descent from an ancient Iranian lineage.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ABRĀZ

  C. J. Brunner

  Middle Persian “high, superior, height,” old Iranian *uparyānk- “above, high.”

• AŠKAŠ

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  an Iranian hero in the reign of Kay Ḵosrow.

• BARTHOLOMAE’S LAW

  M. Mayrhofer

  the name given to a rule of phonetic assimilation in the Indo-Iranian and probably also the proto-Indo-European languages first noted by Christian Bartholomae in 1882.

• ASPARUKH

  D. M. Lang

  a Middle Iranian proper name attested in ancient Georgia and early medieval Bulgaria.

• ARTASYRAS

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Old Iranian name *Ṛta-sūra “powerful through Arta”.

• KHOTAN

  Multiple Authors

  town (lat 37°06′ N, long 79°56′ E) and major oasis of the southern Tarim Basin in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, historically an important kingdom with an Iranian-speaking population. 

• BEHBAHANI, SIMIN

  Multiple Authors

  (1927-2014), eminent Iranian poet and human rights activist noted for her innovative treatment of the traditional genre of ghazal.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ĀRYĀNĀ

  ʿA. Ḥabībī

  Bulletin of the Historical Society of Afghanistan.  

• GREAT BRITAIN

  Multiple Authors

  OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Introduction, ii. An Overview of Relations: Safavid to the Present, iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century, iv. British influence in Persia, 1900-21, v. British influence during the Reżā Shah period, 1921-41, vi. British influence in Persia, 1941-79, vii. British Travelers to Persia, viii. British Archeological Excavations, ix. Iranian Studies in Britian, Pre-Islamic, x. Iranian Studies in Britain, the Islamic Period, xi. Persian Art Collections in Britain, xii. The Persian Community in Britain, xiii. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), xiv. The British Institute of Persian Studies, xv. British Schools in Persia.

• IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (4) Origins Of The Iranian Languages

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  General historical surveys of the Iranian languages.

• ČELOW

  Cross-Reference

  See  BERENJ “rice” i. In Iran, sec. “Rice in the Iranian diet. ”

• GAŽDAHAM

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  an Iranian hero of Dež-e Safīd, a fortress near the border seperating Iran from Tūrān, during the reigns of the Kayanid kings Nōḏar and Kay Kāvūs.

• CHOANA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  the name of two Iranian towns mentioned by Ptolemy.

• SWEDEN

  Multiple Authors

  i. Persian Art Collections, ii. Swedish Officers in Persia, 1911-15, iii. Swedish Archeological Mission to Iran, iv. Iranian Community

• CHAARENE

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (Gk. Chaarēnḗ), in Achaemenid times one of the easternmost Iranian provinces and the one closest to India.

• ḴĀLU

  Pierre Oberling

  a small Turkic tribe of Kermān province.  According to the Iranian Army files (1957), this tribe once lived in the vicinity of Bardsir and Māšiz, southwest of Kermān.

• GRAY, LOUIS HERBERT

  William W. Malandra

  In 1921 Gray was appointed associate professor of philology at the University of Nebraska, where he remained until his appointment at Columbia University as professor of Oriental Languages in 1926. In 1935, he became Professor of Comparative Linguistics, a position he held until his retirement in 1944.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• AVARAYR

  R. Hewsen

  a village in Armenia in the principality of Artaz southeast of the Iranian town of Mākū.

• PSALMS, BOOK OF

  Cross-Reference

  in Iran and Central Asia. See the following entries:

  BIBLE, with multiple sub-articles on translations into Iranian languages, from pre-Islamic times to the present.

  PAHLAVI PSALTER.

  JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES OF IRAN ix. Judeo-Persian Literature.

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (5) Kassite

  Gernot Windfuhr

  The Kassites, Akkadian Kaššu, were mountain tribes probably somewhere in the central Zagros who ruled Babylon from the sixteenth to the middle of the twelfth century BCE.

• ARSACIDS vi. Arsacid chronology in traditional history

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  The Parthian rule lasted 474 years, longer than any dynastic period in Iranian history, but post-Sasanian sources give various figures for the duration of the Arsacid rule.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• BAHRĀM

  Multiple Authors

  name of six Sasanian kings and of several notables of the Sasanian and later periods. The name derives from Old Iranian Vṛθragna, Avestan Vərəθraγna, the god of victory.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.