Search Results for “Iranian Celebrations”

• MEHRAGĀN

  Simone Cristoforetti

  an Iranian festival apparently dedicated to the god Miθra/Mehr, occurring also in onomastics and toponymy.

• FESTIVALS

  Multiple Authors

  This article discusses religious or communal festivals and commemorations, ancient and modern, of diverse communities in Persia and Afghanistan.

• FERDOWSI, ABU’L-QĀSEM v. HOMAGES TO FERDOWSI

  EIr

  Ever since the appearance of the Šāh-nāma, Ferdowsī has been held in high esteem, and many poets have referred to him and his work, the best known being Saʿdī’s tribute in the Būstān to “Ferdowsī-ye pāk-zād.” 

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• CLEARCHUS

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (b. ca. 390 or 410 BCE, the latter date based on Memnon’s report of his age as fifty-eight years at his death in 352), tyrant of Pontic Heracleia (modern Ereğli) in 363-52 BCE.

• BARRASĪHĀ-YE TĀRĪḴĪ

  N. Parvīn

  journal of historical studies of Iran, 1966-78. Some of the articles, particularly those bearing on the eighteenth and nineteenth cen­turies and descriptive geography, were well researched and original. The journal also published a number of historical documents.

• FESTIVALS ix. Assyrian

  WILLIAM PIROYAN and EDEN NABY

  The adoption of Christianity by the Assyrians in the latter part of the 1st century led to the harmonization of older community celebrations and commemorations with Christian doctrine as well as the introduction of specifically Christian religious holidays.

• ʿABD-AL-BĀQĪ YAZDĪ

  P. P. Soucek

  Safavid official and poet skilled in calligraphy, killed at the battle of Čālderān in Raǰab 920/August 1514.

• ČŪB BĀZĪ

  Robyn C. Friend

  a category of folk dance found all over Persia (Hamada) and distinguished from other types of folk dance by the fact that the dancers carry sticks, which they strike together.

• BADĪHA-SARĀʾĪ

  F. R. C. Bagley

  composition and utterance of something improvised (badīh), usually in verse. Among the Arabs, poetic improvisation was practiced and admired from pre-Islamic times. Among the Iranians, it has been a mark of poetical talent and skill.

• FESTIVALS ii. MANICHEAN

  Werner Sundermann

  The Manichean calendar of holidays proves independence from that of the Zoroastrians. Even if the heptavalent number of the Manichean Yimkis was correlated to the Zoroastrian gāhānbār and Nowrūz

• HAMĀZŌR

  Mary Boyce and F. M. Kotwal

  a Zoroastrian Persian adjective “of the same strength” which occurs only in a formula of greeting, in ritual uses accompanied by the giving of hands.

• BEHEŠT-E ZAHRĀʾ

  Hamid Algar

  the chief cemetery of Teh­ran and principal shrine of the Islamic Revolution of 1357 Š./1978-79.

• KÖROĞLU ii. PERFORMANCE ASPECTS

  Ameneh Youssefzadeh

  The traditional venues for the performance of the Köroǧlu/Goroḡli epic are life-cycle celebrations, private gatherings, and teahouses. In Azerbaijan and northern Khorasan, from the 17th century up to the Islamic Revolution of 1978, teahouses played a pivotal role in the diffusion and the preservation of the epic.

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• BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN vii. History of Religions

  François de Blois

  In this article some of his remarks on pre-Islamic Iranian religions, on Christian­ity and Judaism, and on Muslim sects will be discussed.

• PIŠ-PARDA

  William O. Beeman

  a short comedy sketch, musical number, or dance performed before the main theatrical performance, or in an intermission between acts of a performance.

• SOFRA

  Mahmoud Omidslalar

  a piece of cloth that is spread on the floor, and on which dishes of food are placed at meal times.

• MIR-E NOWRUZI

  Michèle Epinette

  The carnivalesque ritual of electing a commoner to rule for a period of one to five days over the country; The custom of the “false emir” or “Nowruz ruler” leading a procession through the city has been traced back to pre-Islamic Nowruz, the traditional Persian New Year.

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• BOZKAŠĪ

  G. Whitney Azoy

  (lit. “goat-dragging”), an equestrian folk game played by Turkic groups in Central Asia. Its origins are obscure; quite probably the game first developed as a recreational extension of livestock raiding.

• CONGRATULATIONS

  Žāla Āmūzgār

  the custom of conveying congratulations on such happy occasions as the birth of a child, a birthday anniversary, a marriage, a coronation, or a national or religious festival.

• AZERBAIJAN xi. Music of Azerbaijan

  J. During

  Iranian elements in the development of the Azeri tradition were numerous, as is shown by modern terminology (čahār meżrāb, bardāšt), as well as by certain pieces in the repertoire.

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• BAHRĀMĪ, FARAJ-ALLĀH

  M. Amānat

  (1878/79?-1951), DABĪR AʿẒAM, Reżā Shah’s personal secretary and an early supporter who played a key role in Reżā Shah’s control of absolute power.

• IRANIAN STUDIES

  Cross-Reference

  See under the names of individual countries and universities.

• CHINESE TURKESTAN

  Multiple Authors

  (Sinkiang, Xinjiang), IRANIAN ELEMENTS IN.

• Iranian National March

  music sample

• BĀḠ iii. In Persian Literature

  W. L. Hanaway

  Bāḡ appears both as an object of description and as the prime source of nature imagery in Persian literature. 

• INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES

  cross-reference

  See IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS.

• BĪDĀRĪ-E ĪRĀNĪĀN, TĀRĪḴ-E

  cross-reference

  See TĀRĪḴ-E BĪDĀRĪ-E ĪRĀNĪĀN.

• IRANIAN IDENTITY v. POST-REVOLUTIONARY ERA

  Cross-Reference

  Iranian identity during the post-revolutionary era will be discussed in a future online entry.

• CHRONICLE OF ARBELA

  Peter Kawerau

  a Syriac church history of Adiabene, written in the 6th century by Mĕšīḥā-Zĕḵā. A remarkable account from the Parthian period is that of the Feast of the Magi in the month of Iyyār. Equally noteworthy is the account of the fall of the Arsacids and the beginning of the reign of the Sasanians in 224.

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• ĀB

  Multiple Authors

  Persian word meaning “water.”

• FERDOWSI, ABU’L-QĀSEM iv. MILLENARY CELEBRATION

  A. Shahpur Shahbazi

  Already in 1922 Moḥammad-Taqī Bahār, the most influential poet of the time and a politician-journalist, urged Reżā Khan (later Reżā Shah), who had recently seized power, to prove his asserted nationalism by celebrating Ferdowsī.

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• MOḤAMMAD B. BOZORG-OMID

  Farhad Daftary

  the third lord of Alamut. He had been designated as heir by his father, Kiā Bozorg-Omid, only three days earlier.  Moḥammad duly received the allegiance of all the Nezāri territories in Persia and Syria.

• ANGLO-IRANIAN WAR

  Cross-Reference

  See ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR.

• RUSSIA

  Multiple Authors

  I. Russo-Iranian Relations up to the Bolshevik Revolution. II. Iranian-Soviet Relations (1917-1991). III. Travelers in Persia to 1917. IV. Russians at the court of Moḥammad-ʿAli Shah.

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (2) In Pre-Islamic Iran

  Gernot Windfuhr

  Of the three known pre-Islamic languages (Urartian, Kassite, and Elamite), only Urartian and Elamite are fairly well known.

• ĀŠBANAKKUŠ

  M. Mayrhofer

  name of an Iranian in the Persepolis Fortification Tablets.

• ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles covers relations between England and Iran from the Safavid to the Pahlavi periods. 

• Šeydā

  Margaret Caton

  the pen name of Mirzā ʿAli-Akbar Širāzi (b. Shiraz, 1259/1843; d. Tehran at the Ṣafi ʿAlišāh ḵānaqāh, 1324/1906), a Persian musician regarded as the most important composer of the lyrical popular song (taṣnif) in the late Qajar period.

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles deals with Chinese-Iranian relations spanning from Pre-Islamic times to the Constitutional Revolution in Iran.

• ḴEṬĀY-NĀMA

  RALPH KAUZ

  “Book on China,” written by Seyyed ʿAlī Akbar Ḵeṭāʾī in Istanbul.

• SADA FESTIVAL

  Anna Krasnowolska

  the most important Iranian winter festival, celebrated by kindling fires.

• NOWRUZ iii. In the Iranian Calendar

  Simone Cristoforetti

  The day Hormoz (the first day of any Persian month) of the month of Farvardin is the New Year day in the Persian calendar; at present it coincides with the day of the vernal equinox.

• DAYR

  QAMAR ĀRYĀN

  monastery; in early Islamic Arabic and Persian literature usually a building in which Christian monks (rāheb) lived and worshiped.

• IRANIAN STUDIES, SOCIETY FOR

  Cross-Reference

  See SOCIETY FOR IRANIAN STUDIES.

• FARROḴĪ YAZDĪ

  Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak

  (1889-1939), journalist and poet and an early advocate of socialist revolution in Persia.

• DANISH-IRANIAN RELATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  See DENMARK.

• GOTTHEIL, RICHARD JAMES HORATIO

  Dagmar Riedel

  Gottheil’s tenure at the New York Public Library (NYPL) is of relevance to the field of Iranian studies because he oversaw the development of its Near Eastern and Asian collections, first as Chief of Semitica and Orientalia (1897-1901), and afterwards as Chief of the Oriental Division.

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• PROSODY

  Multiple Authors

  systems, styles, and theories of versification in the Iranian world.

• IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  The following sub-entries will provide an overview of the unifying factors which constitute Iran through time and across space, while also showing the complexity and heterogeneity of the components of Iranian culture.

• ANGLO-IRANIAN AGREEMENT

  Cross-Reference

  See ANGLO-PERSIAN AGREEMENT.

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (8) Semitic Languages

  Gernot Windfuhr

   First Aramaic and then Arabic had considerable contact with Iranian languages. Their impact differs.

• MOḤAMMAD B. NOṢAYR

  Yaron Friedman

  Abu Šoʿayb al-Nomayri/al-Namiri (d. after 868), the founder and eponym of the Nomayriya/Namiriya sect.

• JAPAN vii. IRANIAN STUDIES, ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Cross-Reference

   Forthcoming, Online.

• AMMITMANYA

  M. Mayrhoffer

  an Iranian, to whom were entrusted 215 (?) BAR of grain provided for provisions at Tukraš.

• SWEDEN iv. Iranian Community

  Hassan Hosseini-Kaladjahi and Melissa Kelly

  1984 was a turning point for the influx of Iranians to Sweden. In that year 1,074 Iranians immigrated to Sweden. From this date the rate of Iranians moving to Sweden increased exponentially, reaching its peak in 1988 with 6,203 immigrants.

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• BAHAISM xiv. Nineteen Day Feast

  Moojan Momen

  a gathering of the Bahai community every nineteen days that has devotional, administrative, and social aspects and is the core of community life.

• FESTIVALS iii, iv, v

  Anne H. Betteridge and EIr, Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Keith Hitchins

  iii. SHI'ITE, iv. YAZIDI AND AHL-E HAQQ, v. KURDISH (SUNNI).

• AFRAHĀṬ

  J. P. Asmussen

  name attested in Syriac (ʾfrhṭ) of a number of Iranian Christian churchmen.

• IRAQ ix. IRANIAN COMMUNITY IN IRAQ

  cross-reference

  See DIASPORA vi.

• ḤĀJEB

  C. Edmund Bosworth, Rudi Matthee

  administrative and then military office in the pre-modern Iranian world.

• RUḤAWŻI

  William O. Beeman

  a comic type of traditional folk musical drama in Iran.

• BUDDHISM

  Multiple Authors

  Among Iranian peoples. This series of articles covers Buddhism in Iran and Iranian lands: i.  In pre-Islamic times. ii.  InIslamic times. iii. Buddhist Literature in Khotanese and Tumshuqese. iv. Buddhist Sites in Afghanistan and Central Asia.

• ČERĀḠĀNĪ

  Mahmoud Omidsalar

  (also čerāḡān, čerāḡbānī, čerāḡbārān), the decoration of buildings and open spaces with lights during festivals and on occasions like weddings, coronations, royal birthdays, circumcision ceremonies, and so on.

• DELLA VALLE, PIETRO

  John Gurney

  (b. Rome, 11 April 1586, d. Rome, 21 April 1652), one of the most remarkable travelers of the Renaissance, whose Viaggi is the best contemporary account of the lands between Istanbul and Goa in the early 17th century.

• Great Britain xii. The Persian Community in Britain (1)

  Kathryn Spellman

  This entry will be treated in two separate articles: (1) Persian Community and (2) The Library for Iranian Studies.

• GILĀN xiii. Kinship and Marriage

  Christian Bromberger

  According to a 1991 sample survey, in Iran, the plain of Gilān has the lowest proportion of marriages whether with paternal or maternal cousins or with a near or distant (non-consanguineous) relation. 

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• KĀSEMI, NOṢRAT-ALLĀH

  Mostafa Alamouti and EIr.

  (1908-1996), physician, poet, writer, orator, and politician.

• FESTIVALS i. ZOROASTRIAN

  Mary Boyce

  fall into two broad categories. There are the seven feasts of obligation, that is, No Rōz (Nowrūz) and the six gāhānbārs, which formed the framework of the religious year, and which it was a sin not to keep; and others, which it was a merit, not a duty, to observe.

• FOLKLORE STUDIES

  Multiple Authors

  aims to provide a summary of folklore studies made in or about the Iranian world. It encompasses a wide field of varying notions, ranging from popular beliefs and customs to myths, legends and other genres of oral literature.

• DEŽ-E SAFĪD

  Aḥmad Tafażżolī

  lit. "white fortress"; Iranian fortress located near the border with Tūrān and conquered by Sohrāb, son of the Iranian hero Rostam by the Turanian princess Tahmīna.

• ʿARŪSĪ

  A. Betteridge

  the secular wedding celebration which follows the wedding contract ceremony (ʿaqd).

• IRANIAN IDENTITY

  Multiple Authors

  collective feeling by Iranian peoples of belonging to the historic lands of Iran. This sense of identity, defined both historically and territorially, evolved from a common historical experience and cultural tradition.

• AQD

  A. H. Betteridge and H. Javadi

  marriage contract, marriage contract ceremony.

• BIBLE

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles covers various aspects of the Bible, as pertaining to Iran and Iranian lands.

• ĀDAMĪYAT

  L. P. Elwell-Sutton

  (“Humanity”), name of two Iranian periodicals.

• GEORGIA

  Multiple Authors

  (Pers. Gorjestān; Ar. al-Korj). This series of entries covers Georgia and its relations with Iran.

• JAʿFARI, ŠAʿBĀN

  H. E. Chehabi

  (1921-2006), a luṭi of the jāhel variety, athlete, and rightwing political agent from the early 1940s to the early 1950s, who later headed Persia’s traditional sports establishment (zur-ḵāna).

• GORDĀFARID

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  daughter of Gaždaham, the castellan of Dež-e Sapid, the Iranian fortress on the frontier with Turān.

• ITALY

  Multiple Authors

  : relations with Iran. Overview of the entry. i. Introduction. ii. Diplomatic and commercial relations. iii. Cultural relations. iv. Travel accounts. v. Iranian Studies, pre-Islamic. vi. Excavations in Iran. vii. Iranian Studies, Islamic period. viii. Persian manuscripts. ix. Persian art collections. x. Lirica Persica. xi. Translations of Persian works into Italian. xii. Translations of Italian works into Persian. xiii. Iranians in Italy. xiv. Current centers of Iranian Studies in Italy. xv. IsMEO

• ART IN IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  The history of art in Iran and Iranian lands.

• BRITAIN

  cross-reference

  See ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS; GREAT BRITAIN.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY

  Multiple Authors

  This entry is concerned with the historiography of the Iranian and Persephone world from the pre-Islamic period through the 20th century in Persian and other Iranian languages. The periods and their subdivisions of this historiography are covered in 14 articles.

• QODSI MAŠHADI

  Paul Losensky

  (ca. 1582-1646), ḤĀJI MOḤAMMAD JĀN, Persian poet of the first half of the 17th century, was born in Mashad and died in Lahore.

• SOGDIAN LANGUAGE

  Multiple Authors

  one of the Eastern Middle Iranian languages once spoken in Sogdiana.

• BALUCHISTAN

  Multiple Authors

  generally understood by the Baluch and their neighbors to comprise an area of over half a million square kilometers in the southeastern part of the Iranian plateau, south of the central deserts and the Helmand river, and in the arid coastal lowlands between the Iranian plateau and the Gulf of Oman.

• JADE

  Manuel Keene

  (nephrite; Pers. yašm, yašb, yašf, yaṣb). An extremely small range of pre-Islamic Iranian jades have thus far been published, despite the very ancient employment of jade in eastern Iran. The known material is often of extraordinary refinement, and testifies to an extensive influence on other jadecarving cultures, including the Chinese.

• BARRA

  G. Cardascia

  or bāru, an Iranian loanword designating a tax in Babylonian texts. The word appears nearly seventy times between 442 and 417 B.C. almost exclusively in tax receipts.

• BAHAISM

  Multiple Authors

  or Bahai faith, a religion founded in the nineteenth century by Bahāʾ-Allāh that grew out of the Iranian messianic movement of Babism and developed into a world religion with internationalist and pacifist emphases.

• CHOAMANI

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  name of an eastern Iranian tribe (perhaps located in western Bactria), mentioned only by Pomponius Mela in an enumeration of the inhabitants of the interior lands.

• HELL

  Multiple Authors

  This entry will treat the concept of hell in the Iranian culture under two rubrics.

• GUBARU

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Babylonian rendering of the Iranian name Gaub(a)ruva, which is best known in the Greek form Gōbryas.

• FLAGS

  Multiple Authors

  This article is meant to supplement earlier entries on Iranian vexillology (see ʿALAM VA ʿALĀMAT, BANNERS, and DERAFŠ).

• ARTEMBARĒS

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Old Iranian proper name * Ṛtam-para-, meaning “who encourages the order.”

• AḴBĀR-E MOḠOLĀN

  George Lane

  an original and independent source prepared by Qoṭb-al-Dīn Širāzi on the reign of the Il-Khan Hulāgu Khan and his immediate successors, Abaqa and Aḥmad Tegüdār.

• PAVRY, BAPSY CURSETJI

  JENNY ROSE

   (1902-1995), daughter of Parsi Zoroastrian Dastur Cursetji Erachji Pavry.

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• DĀTAMIΘRA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Iranian personal name resulting from an inversion of Miθra-dāta- “given by Mithra” and continued in the New Persian Dādmehr.

• BURIAL

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles covers burial practices in Iran and Iranian lands.

• DATAPHERNES

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  name of an Iranian (perhaps Bactrian) officer in the entourage of Bessos, murderer of Darius III (336-30 B.C.E.).

• GERMANY

  Multiple Authors

  i. German-Persian diplomatic relations, ii. Archeological excavations and studies, iii. Iranian studies in German: Pre-Islamic period, iv. Iranian studies in German: Islamic period, v. German travelers and explorers in Persia, vi. Collections and study of Persian art in Germany, vii. Persia in German literature, viii. German cultural influence in Persia, ix. Germans in Persia, x. The Persian community in Germany.

• ANUŠAWAN

  J. R. Russell

  grandson of Ara, legendary king of Armenia, called sawsanuēr “devoted to the plane tree.”