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HAFEZ xiii. - xiv. HAFEZ’S TOMB (ḤĀFEẒIYA)
Kuros Kamali Sarvestani
The Hafeziya is located south of the Koran Gate (Darvāza-ye Qorʾān) on the northern edge of Shiraz. It is on the site of the famous Golgašt-e Moṣallā, the pleasure ground often mentioned in the poems of Hafez.
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GERMANY vi. Collections and Study of Persian Art in Germany
Jens Kröger
From the 19th century on, Persian works of art were collected systematically to acquire knowledge of the world and to educate and inspire artists and craftsmen. Collecting, exhibiting, and studying Persian art reached an unprecedented scale in the 20th century.
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ANṢARĪ, ʿALĪ-QOLĪ KHAN
M. Kasheff
MOŠĀWER-AL-MAMĀLEK (1868-1940), a career diplomat under the late Qajars.
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INDIA xxiii. INDIAN INFLUENCE ON PERSIAN CINEMA
cross-reference
See x, above.
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EDUCATION ix. PRIMARY SCHOOLS
Sayyed ʿAlī Āl-e Dāwūd
At first primary and secondary schools were not distinct, and the primary levels sometimes consisted of only four grades. There were no general instructional materials and no uniform curriculum, each school being under the direction of its founder or principal.
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MALABĀRI, BEHRĀMJI MERWĀNJI
Firoze M. Kotwal and Jamsheed K. Choksy
Malabari began his journalistic and editorial career after Sir Cowasji Jehangir, an eminent Parsi businessman, introduced him to Martin Woods, then the editor of the Times of India. Malabari also began writing a serial column for the Indian Spectator, an English language weekly magazine.
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KAYĀNIĀN xiv. The Kayanids in Western Historiography
Prods Oktor Skjærvø
Henry C. Rawlinson contrasted the “distorted and incomplete allusions to Jemshíd and the Kayanian monarchs” with “authentic history,” and Friedrich Spiegel called the Kayanids partly purely mythical, partly legendary.
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IRAQ vi. PAHLAVI PERIOD, 1921-79
Mohsen M. Milani
Relations between Iran and Iraq underwent three different phases between 1921, when Britain installed Faysal Ibn Hossein as king of a newly formed nation-state of Iraq and 1979, when the Pahlavi dynasty was swept away by revolution.
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Isfahan x. Monuments (3) Mosques
Sussan Babaie with Robert Haug
Isfahan is known historically for its large number of mosques. According to Abu Noʿaym of Isfahan, the first large mosque in Isfahan was built during the Caliphate of Imam ʿAli b. Abi Ṭāleb (r. 656-61). The French traveler Jean Chardin counted 162 mosques during his travels to Isfahan in the middle of the 17th century.
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GILAN xvii. Gender Relations
Christian Bromberger
In Gilan roles and tasks are distributed according to a more flexible pattern: to a large extent, women take an important part in agricultural work; in their homes, the line between male and female spaces is blurred; craftwork, industrial, and commercial activities are not the exclusive prerogative of men in this region.
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