Table of Contents

  • OTRĀR

    C. E. Bosworth

    medieval town of Transoxania, in a rural district (rostāq) of the middle Jaxartes River (Syr Darya), apparently known in early Islamic times as Fārāb/Pārāb/Bārāb.

  • OTTOMAN-PERSIAN RELATIONS i. UNDER SULTAN SELIM I AND SHAH ESMĀʿIL I

    Osman G. Özgüdenli

     The dynamics of Ottoman-Safavid relations during these almost contemporaneous reigns (1512-20 and 1501-24, respectively) are closely connected with the general socio-political and socio-religious conditions in Anatolia, Persia, and the border regions between the two empires since the second half of the 15th century.

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  • OTTOMAN-PERSIAN RELATIONS ii. AFSHARID AND ZAND PERIODS

    Ernest Tucker

     At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Ottoman conflicts with European powers overshadowed relations with the Safavids.

  • OUPHARIZES

    R. N. Frye

    (Greek name or appellative Wahriz), general of cavalry in the time of Ḵosrow I.

  • OUSELEY, Gore

    Peter Avery and EIr

    (1770-1844), entrepreneur, diplomat, and orientalist.

  • OUSELEY, WILLIAM

    Peter Avery and EIr

    (1767-1842), officer and orientalist.

  • OWL

    Cross-Reference

    See BŪF.

  • OXATHRES

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    Persian masculine name, attested only in Greek forms, borne by several Achaemenid personages.

  • OXUS RIVER

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀMŪ DARYĀ.

  • OXUS TRUMPET

    Bo Lawergren

    Oxus trumpets are shorter (ca. 10 cm in length) than modern trumpets, but like modern ones they have a flaring bell at the front and a mouthpieces at the back. The most common material is silver, but copper, gold, lead, and gypsum are also used. Some are decorated with human and animal faces of high artistic merit.

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