Table of Contents

• ORDUBĀD

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  a town on the north bank of the middle course of the Araxes (Aras) river of eastern Transcaucasia, former in Persian territory but now in the Republic of Azerbaijan.

• ʿORFI ŠIRAZI

  Paul Losensky

  Persian poet of the latter half of the 16th century (b. Shiraz, 1555; d. Lahore, Aug. 1591).

• ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

  Kamyar Abdi

  a major research center devoted to the study of the history, languages, and archeology of the ancient Near East, and Egypt.

• ORMURI

  Cross-Reference

  Language spoken by the Ormur or the Baraki. See AFGHANISTAN vii. Parāči.

• OROITES

  C. J. Brunner

  satrap of Lydia, Phrygia, and Ionia during the reigns of the Achaemenid kings Cyrus II and Cambyses.

• ORONTES

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Old Iranian name, attested only in Greek forms, carried by several personages of the Achaemenid period.

• OŠNUYA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (now OŠNAVIYA), a small town of southwestern Azerbaijan, on the historic route from the Urmia basin toward the plains of northern Iraq.

• OSRUŠANA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  a district of medieval Islamic Transoxania lying to the east of Samarqand (q.v.) on the upper reaches of the Zarafšān river or Nahr-e Ṣogd.

• OSSETIC

  Fridrik Thordarson

  an Iranian language spoken in the Central Caucasus, mainly in the North Ossetic Republic (Alaniya) of the Russian Federation and in the South Ossetic (until 1990, autonomous) area of Georgia.

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• OSTANES

  Morton Smith

  legendary mage in classical and medieval literature.