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  • HORMOZD II

    A. Shapur Shahbazi

    Sasanian great king (r. 303-09 CE). He assumed a crown very similar to that of Bahrām II,  representing the varəγna, the royal falcon.

  • BAHAISM i. The Faith

    J. Cole

    Bahaism as a religion had as its background two earlier and much different movements in nineteenth-century Shiʿite Shaikhism (following Shaikh Aḥmad Aḥsāʾī) and Babism.

  • KĀNUN-E PARVAREŠ-E FEKRI-E KUDAKĀN VA NOWJAVĀNĀN i. Establishment of Kanun

    Fereydoun Moezi Moghadam

    Kanun’s goal was to produce and offer support and services for children in better settings than the grim and austere school classrooms.

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  • JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI i. Hayʾathā-ye Moʾtalefa-ye Eslāmi 1963-79

    Ali Rahnema

    The Islamic Coalition of Mourning Groups was born almost two years after the death of Ayatollah Ḥosayn Ṭabāṭabāʾi Borujerdi in 1961.

  • GEORGIA viii. Georgian communities in Persia

    Pierre Oberling

    Many thousands of Georgians, Armenians, and Circassians who were transplanted to Persia by Shah ʿAbbās I (996-1038/1588-1629) were peasants, and they were settled in villages in the Persian hinterland.

  • INDIA iii. RELATIONS: ACHAEMENID PERIOD

    Pierfrancesco Callieri

    The conquest by Darius I of the territories of the Indian subcontinent west of the Indus for the first time created a clear relationship between India and Iran.

  • CLOTHING viii. In Persia from the Arab conquest to the Mongol invasion

    Elsie H. Peck

    Investiga­tion of costume in the Omayyad period is hampered by the scarcity of surviving representations; furthermore, many of those that do survive are purely symbolic and do not reflect what was actually worn.

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  • FĀRS vii. Ethnography

    Pierre Oberling

    The largest part of the population of Fārs is of Iranian stock, but since the rise of Islam in the 7th century there has been substantial immigration of peoples of other ethnic origins into the province.

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  • EDUCATION xi. PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL GROUPS

    Aḥmad Bīrašk

    Despite government intervention in educational matters since the foundation of Dār al-fonūn in the mid-19th century, the initial expansion of modern education in Persia was promoted by foreign missionaries and private individuals who considered that national progress lay in expansion and development of the educational system.

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  • FRANCE ii. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA TO 1789

    Jean Calmard

    In the early Middle Ages, Persia was perceived by the French mostly through biblical, Greek, and Latin sources.