Rüdiger Schmitt
- RHOXANE i. The Name
Rhoxane is a woman’s name, and the Greek rendering of OIr. *Raṷxšnā-, f. (not *Raṷxšā̆nā-), that is the feminine counterpart…
- AUTIYĀRA
AUTIYĀRA, name of a district (Old Persian dah-yāuš) of the satrapy Armina of the Achaemenid empire; this Old Persian form…
- BĀGAYĀDIŠ
BĀGAYĀDIŠ (b-a-g-y-a-di-i-š, attested only in gen. °yādaiš/°y-a-d i-š), name of the seventh month (September-October) of the Old Persian calendar, mentioned…
- BAGAZUŠTA
BAGAZUŠTA, Old Iranian personal name. *Baga-zušta- “beloved of the god(s)” is the Median counterpart of Old Persian *baga-dušta-, which is…
- BARTHOLOMAE, CHRISTIAN
BARTHOLOMAE, CHRISTIAN, German scholar of Iranian and Indo-European studies (1855-1925). 1. Life. Bartholomae was born the son of a forester…
- DAURISES
DAURISES (Gk. Daurísēs, apparently reflecting the same Old Persian original as El. Da-a-ú/hu-ri-sa/ša, connected with Younger Av. daiŋ́hāuruuaēsa- “wandering up…
- DRANGIANA
DRANGIANA (or Zarangiana), territory around Lake Hāmūn and the Helmand river in modern Sīstān. The name of the country and its…
- ARMENIA and IRAN i. Armina, Achaemenid province
ARMENIA and IRAN i. Armina, Achaemenid Province Armina is named as a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid empire; the inhabitants are…
- ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language
ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian Influences in Armenian i. General ARMENIAN, the language of the Armenians, which is attested in…
- BISOTUN i. Introduction
BISOTUN i. Introduction The original Old Persian form of the name Bīsotūn can be recovered from the Greek rendering Bagistanon…
- BISOTUN iii. Darius’s Inscriptions
BISOTUN iii. Darius’s Inscriptions The monumental relief of Darius I, King of Persia, representing the king’s victory over the usurper…
- ARACHOSIA
ARACHOSIA, province (satrapy) in the eastern part of the Achaemenid empire around modern Kandahār (southern Afghanistan), which was inhabited by…
- ARDERIKKA
ARDERIKKA, name of two ancient villages: (1) Arderikka in Assyria (Herodotus 1.185.2) was a kōmē (village) on the Euphrates above…
- ARIA
ARIA, name of a region in the eastern part of the Persian empire, several times confused with Ariane (see below)…
- ARTAVASDES
ARTAVASDES, Old Iranian male personal name, attested as Greek Artaouásdēs, Artabázēs, Artábazos, Artáozos, Latin Artavasdes, Artavazdes, Artabasdes, Artabazus, Elamite Ir-du-maš-da…
- ARTAXERXES
ARTAXERXES, throne name of several Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty. The Old Persian form Artaxšaçā (really Ṛtaxšaca, for the…
- ARTAXERXES I
ARTAXERXES I, a son of Xerxes I and Amestris, whose name Flavius Josephus (Jewish Antiquities 11.6.1.) gives as Cyrus, Persian…
- ARTAXERXES II
ARTAXERXES II, Achaemenid Great King whose personal name is given as Arsaces (Ctesias F 14 apud Photius 469.28 in Jacoby,…
- ARTAXERXES III
ARTAXERXES III, throne name of Ochus (Gk. Ôchos, Babylonian Ú-ma-kuš, son of Artaxerxes II and Stateira), Achaemenid king (r. 359-58…
- ARTYSTONE
ARTYSTONE, Persian female personal name, attested only in the Greek form Artystōnē (Herodotus 3.88.2 bis; 7.69.2; 7.72.2) and the Elamite…
- ARYANS
ARYANS. Definition of the term “Aryan.” The name “Aryan” (OInd. āˊrya-, Ir. *arya- [with short a-], in Old Pers. ariya-,…
- ASTYAGES
ASTYAGES, the last Median king. The name is attested in Greek as Astuágēs (so Herodotus, etc.) and Astuígas or Astuigâs…
- ATOSSA
ATOSSA, Achaemenid queen. The Greek form of the name may reflect Old Pers. *Utauθa ( = Av. Hutaosā), possibly “well…
- ĀÇIYĀDIYA
ĀÇIYĀDIYA (a-ç-i-y-a-di-i-y-), name of the ninth month (November-December) of the Old Persian calendar (see Kent, Old Persian, p. 161a), equivalent…
- ĀKAUFAČIYĀ
ĀKAUFAČIYĀ (a-k-u-f-č-i-y-a), name of a tribe resident in the southeastern part of the Achaemenid empire, attested only once (in nom….
- AMESTRIS
AMESTRIS (Gr. Ámēstris, Ionic for Ámāstris), Greek form of an Old Persian female proper name. It may reflect Old Persian…
- AMYTIS
AMYTIS, Median and Persian female name, attested only in the Greek form Ámytis, which perhaps may reflect (with vowel metathesis)…
- ANABASIS
ANABASIS (Greek anábasis, “going up, way up, expedition up [from the coast]”), title of ancient campaign accounts stylistically influenced by…
- ANĀMAKA
ANĀMAKA (a-n-a-m-k-), name of the tenth month (December-January) of the Old Persian calendar (see Kent, Old Persian, p. 161a), equivalent…
- ANAPHAS
ANAPHAS, Persian male name, attested only in the Greek forms Anaphās (Diodorus, 31.19.1-2), Ionic Anáphēs (Herodotus, 7.62.2, where we find…
- APASIACAE
APASIACAE, name of a nomadic tribe belonging to the Scythian Massagetae, not attested in Iranian sources; the Apasiacae lived between…
- ADUKANAIŠA
ADUKANAIŠA (a-du-u-k-n-i-š-), name of the first month (March-April) of the Old Persian calendar (see Kent, Old Persian, p. 161a), equivalent…
- ACHAEMENID DYNASTY
ACHAEMENID DYNASTY, from the Persian clan of the same name, ruled ca. 700 to 330 B.C. i. The clan and…
- APADĀNA
APADĀNA, Old Pers. term referring to audience halls, now specifically to the audience hall in Persepolis. i. Term. ii. Building….
- MASSAGETAE
MASSAGETAE (Gk. Massagétai), a mighty nomadic tribe reckoned to be Scythians already by Herodotus (1.201, 1.204.1; see also Stephanus Byzantius,…
- KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS
KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS [von] (b. Berlin, 11 October 1783; d. Paris, 28 August 1835; Figure 1), German scholar of Oriental…
- SCYTHIAN LANGUAGE
SCYTHIAN LANGUAGE. The language of the Scythians (q.v.), which is not attested by authentic continuous texts, but only in a…
- HUMBACH, HELMUT
HUMBACH, Helmut (b. Munich, 4 December 1921; d. Mainz, 3 April 2017; Figure 1), German scholar of comparative Indo-European linguistics…
- MEDIAN LANGUAGE
MEDIAN LANGUAGE. Median was the language of the ancient Medes, who ruled over great parts of the Zagros mountains and…
- KURYŁOWICZ, JERZY (WŁADYSŁAW)
KURYŁOWICZ, JERZY (WŁADYSŁAW) (b. Stanislau [Galicia, Austria-Hungary, now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine], 26 August 1895; d. Kraków, 28 January 1978; Figure 1),…
- PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN
i. PRE-ISLAMIC NAMES: GENERAL The system of the formation of personal names (anthroponyms), as it is attested in the Iranian languages from ancient times, to a…
- KAMBOJA
KAMBOJA, the name of a southeastern Iranian people (plur. OInd. Kambojāḥ) known by name only from Indo-Aryan epigraphic and literary sources…
- MASSAGETAE
MASSAGETAE (Gk. Massagétai), a mighty nomadic tribe reckoned to be Scythians already by Herodotus (1.201, 1.204.1; see also Stephanus Byzantius,…
- TEDESCO, PAUL MAXIMILIAN
TEDESCO, PAUL MAXIMILIAN (b. Vienna, 5 May 1898; d. New Haven, Conn., 17 December 1980), Austrian scholar of Indo-Iranian studies….
- SCYTHIAN LANGUAGE
SCYTHIAN LANGUAGE. The language of the Scythians, which is not attested by authentic continuous texts, but only in a quite…
- RHOXANE i. THE NAME
RHOXANE i. THE NAME Rhoxane is a woman’s name, and the Greek rendering of OIr. *Raṷxšnā-, f. (not *Raṷxšā̆nā-), that…
- KENT, ROLAND GRUBB
KENT, ROLAND GRUBB, American scholar of Indo-European studies, who specialized also in Old Persian studies (b. Wilmington, Del., 24 February…
- PROSODY i. Remnants of Proto-Indo-European Poetic Craft in Iranian
Although some kind of poetic tradition seems to be attested among all human beings and thus in all probability is…
- RHODOGUNE
RHODOGUNE (Gk. Rhodogoúnē) in all probability is rendering OIran. *Vṛda-gaunā-, fem. “rose-colored” or “rosy-complexioned” (cf. Schmitt, 2011, pp. 312f., also…
- XANTHUS THE LYDIAN
XANTHUS THE LYDIAN, Greek historiographer, son of a certain Kandaules, probably born in Sardis, and a Hellenized Lydian. He lived sometime…
- WESTERGAARD, NIELS LUDVIG
WESTERGAARD, NIELS LUDVIG, Danish orientalist scholar with special interest in Indology (b. Copenhagen, 27 October 1815; d. Copenhagen, 9 September…
- SATASPES
SATASPES, Greek rendering of the name OIran. (non-Persian) *Satāspa- “having hundred (or better: hundreds of) horses,” as it is also…
- WACKERNAGEL, JACOB
WACKERNAGEL, JACOB, Swiss classicist and scholar of Indo-European and Indo-Iranian studies (b. Basel, Switzerland, 11 December 1853; d. Basel, 22…
- MARKWART, JOSEF
Figure 1. Photograph of Josef Markwart taken during his period in Leiden, Netherlands (1900-12). This image is made available under…
- OLSHAUSEN, JUSTUS
OLSHAUSEN, JUSTUS, German theologian and Oriental scholar, one of the pioneers of Iranian studies in the German-speaking countries (b. Hohenfelde,…
- MÜLLER, FRIEDRICH
MÜLLER, FRIEDRICH, Austrian scholar of linguistics and ethnography (b. Jemnik, Bohemia, 5 March, 1834; d. Vienna, 25 May 1898; Figure…
- MAYRHOFER, MANFRED
MAYRHOFER, MANFRED, Austrian scholar of comparative Indo-European linguistics and Indo-Iranian studies (b. Linz, Austria, 26 September 1926; d. Vienna, 31…
- KENT, ROLAND GRUBB [2012]
Kent, Roland Grubb, American scholar of Indo-European studies, who specialized also in Old Persian studies (b. Wilmington, Del., 24 February…
- LOMMEL, HERMAN
LOMMEL, HERMAN, German scholar of Indo-European, chiefly Indo-Iranian studies, and also of religious studies (b. Erlangen, 7 July, 1885; d….
- ZARINAIA
ZARINAIA (Gk. Zarinaíā), legendary Saka queen during the reign of the likewise legendary Median king Astibaras. The original Greek form…
- RATHINES
RATHINES (Gk. Rathínēs), a general of Pharnabazos, the satrap of the Daskylitis (see DASCYLIUM) under Dareios II and Artaxerxes II…
- PROTOTHYES
PROTOTHYES (Gk. Protothýēs, not Prōto°, as it is often found in older editions, since this form is attested only in…
- OTANES
OTANES, Greek form (Otánēs) of the name OPers. Utāna(DB IV 83 u-t-a-n, rendered as Elam. Hu-ud-da-na, Bab. Ú-mi-it-ta-na-na-ʾ), which often…
- MENOSTANES
MENOSTANES (Gk. Menostánēs, Bab. Manuštanu), Achaemenid prince, son of Artaxerxes I’s brother Artarios, who was satrap of Babylon; he was…
- MASISTES
MASISTES, Greek rendering (Masístēs) of an Old Iranian name *Masišta- (reflected also in Bab. Ma-si-iš-tu4) based on the superlative YAv….
- MEGABATES
MEGABATES, Greek rendering of the well-known name OIran. *Baga-pāta- “protected by the gods” (which is attested in El. Ba-qa-ba-(ad-/ud-)da, Bab….
- MARDONIUS
MARDONIUS, name of several Persians in Achaemenid times, as OPers. M-r-du-u-n-i-y- /Mr̥duniya-/ (DB 4.84) is rendered in Greek (Mardónios) and…
- MANDANE
MANDANE (Gk. Mandánē), name of a daughter of the Median king Astyages (Herodotus 1.107.1; Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.1); in all probability…
- CYRUS vi. Cyrus the Younger
CYRUS vi. Cyrus the Younger This prince (ca. 423-01 b.c.e.) was the second of the four sons of Darius II…
- NÖLDEKE, THEODOR
NÖLDEKE, THEODOR ii. AS AN IRANIST As a pupil of Heinrich Ewald (1803-1875), Theodor Nöldeke (FIGURE 1) had the benefit…
- EILERS, WILHELM
EILERS, WILHELM (b. 27 September 1906 in Leipzig; d. 3 July 1989 in Würzburg), German scholar of oriental studies, particularly…
- DURIS OF SAMOS
DURIS of Samos (Gk. Doûris), Greek historiographer of the early Hellenistic period (b. ca. 340 B.C.E., d. ca. 270 B.C.E….
- DRYPETIS
DRYPETIS (Gk. Drýpĕtis [Arrian] or Drypêtis [Diodorus]), daughter of Darius III Codomannus (Arrian, 7.4.5) and younger sister of Stateira (Diodorus,…
- DṚNABĀJIŠ
DṚNABĀJIŠ, name of the fifth month (July-August) of the Old Persian calendar, equivalent to Akkadian Ābu and Elamite Zillatam (several…
- DIONYSIUS
DIONYSIUS (Gk. Dionýsios) of Miletus, Greek historiographer, who may have lived in the 5th century B.C.E. and is said to…
- DIDYMA
DIDYMA (Gk. tà Dídyma, probably of Carian origin), district ca. 20 km south of the Ionian Miletus and site of…
- DEMOCEDES
DEMOCEDES (Gk. Dēmokḗdēs), Greek physician attached to the court of Darius I (q.v.) and praised as “the most skillful physician…
- DEMARATUS
DEMARATUS (Attic Dēmárātos, Ionic Dēmá-rētos, Laconian Dāmárātos, lit., “wished by the people”), king of Sparta (from at least as early…
- DEIOCES
DEIOCES (Gk. Dēïókēs), name of a Median king; this Greek form, like Assyrian Da-a-a-uk-ku (i.e., Daiukku) and Elamite Da-a-(hi-)(ú-)uk-ka, Da-a-ya-u(k)-ka,…
- DATIS
DATIS (Gk. Dâtis), Iranian personal name, reflecting Old Iranian *Dātiya- (cf. El. Da-ti-ya; see below), rather than *Dāti-, as previously…
- DATAPHERNES
DATAPHERNES (Gk. Dataphérnēs < Ir. *Dāta-farnah- "to whom farnah- [i.e. grace and glory] is given,” also reflected in Babylonian Da-da-pir-na-ʾ,...
- DĀTAMIΘRA
* DĀTAMIΘRA (El. Da-da/tam5-mi-ut-ra, Aram. dtmtr), Iranian personal name resulting from an inversion of Miθra-dāta- “given by Mithra” and continued…
- DATAMES
DATAMES (Gk. Datámēs), Iranian personal name, reflecting Old Iranian *Dātama- or *Dātāma-, either a two-stem shortened form *Dāta-m-a- from a…
- DĀTA
DĀTA, Old Iranian term for “law” (originally the neuter verbal adjective dāta-m from the root dā- “to put, place,” thus…
- DĀTABARA
DĀTABARA, title of a high official in the Achaemenid legal and juridical system. It is not attested in Old Persian…
- DARIUS vii. Parthian Princes
DARIUS vii. PARTHIAN PRINCES Darius was the name of several petty princes in the Parthian period. In 64 B.C.E. while…
- DARIUS vi. Achaemenid Princes
DARIUS vi. ACHAEMENID PRINCES Darius was the name of two Achaemenid princes in addition to the emperors who bore it….
- DARIUS i. The Name
DARIUS i. The Name Dārīus (or Dārēus) is the common Latin form of Greek Dareîos, itself a shortened rendering of…
- DAMASPIA
DAMASPIA (Gk. Damáspiā or -píā), name of a Persian queen, wife of Artaxerxes I and mother of his legal heir, Xerxes…
- CYRUS i. The Name
CYRUS i. The Name Cyrus (Latin form of Gr. Kûros, later also Kóros < OPers. Kuruš [spelled ku-u-ru-u-š], reflected in...
- CYRTIANS
CYRTIANS (Gk. Kýrtioi, Lat. Cyrtii), a tribe dwelling mainly in the mountains of Atropatenian Media together with the Cadusii, Amardi…
- CUNEIFORM SCRIPT
CUNEIFORM SCRIPT, the conventional name for a system of writing ultimately derived from the pictographic script developed by the Sumerians…
- CTESIAS
CTESIAS (Gk. Ktēsías), Greek physician at the Achaemenid court and author of Persiká, who belonged to the Cnidian school of…
- COSSAEANS
COSSAEANS (Lat. Cossaei, Gk. Kossaîoi or Kossaeans), a tribe of mountain people settled in western Iran; their land was called…
- CONON OF ATHENS
CONON OF ATHENS (b. Athens before 444 b.c.e., d. Cyprus after 392 b.c.e.), son of Timotheus (Pausanias, 3.9.2, 8.52.4), a…
- CLEMEN, CARL CHRISTIAN
CLEMEN, CARL CHRISTIAN (b. Sommerfeld, near Leipzig, 30 March 1865; d. Bonn, 8 July 1940), German Protestant theologian and historian…
- CLEARCHUS OF SPARTA
CLEARCHUS OF SPARTA (b. Sparta ca. 450 b.c.e., d. Babylon 401 b.c.e.), son of Rhamphias, Greek general in the service…
- CLEITARCHUS
CLEITARCHUS (Gk. Kleítarchos), Greek historian of the 4th century b.c.e., son of the historian Dinon of Colophon and author of a…
- CLEARCHUS
CLEARCHUS (b. ca. 390 or 410 b.c.e., the latter date based on Memnon’s report of his age as fifty-eight years…
- ČIΘRAFARNAH
*ČIΘRAFARNAH (Elamite Zi-ut-ra-bar-na, Assyrian Ši-dir-pa-ar-na/ni, Gk. Tetraphérnēs), Iranian personal name meaning “with shining splendor” (Iran. farnah-), also attested in a…
- ČIŠPIŠ
ČIŠPIŠ (OPers. č-i-š-p-i-š, Elamite Zi-iš-pi-iš, Babylonian Ši-iš-pi-iš), Old Persian personal name. The incorrect reading Čaišpiš is still occasionally seen (e.g.,…
- CISSIANS
CISSIANS (Gk. Kíssioi), a name for the Susians, the Elamite inhabitants of Susiana (Strabo 15.3.2; Stephanus Byzantius, s.v. Soûsa); the…
- ČIÇANTAXMA
ČIÇANTAXMA (OPers. č-i-ç-t-x-m, Elamite Zi-iš-ša-in/an-tak-ma, Babylonian Ši-it-ra-an-taḫ-ma, Šī-tir-an-taḫ-mu), an Iranian personal name signifying “brave in lineage” (originally from the phrase…
- CHOASPES
CHOASPES (or Coaspēs; Lat. form of Gk. Khoáspēs, rarely Khóaspis, probably from OIr. *hṷ-aspa- “possessing good horses”; Late Av. huuaspa-…
- CHOARA
CHOARA and CHOARENE (Latin forms of Gk. Khóara, Khoarēnḗ, possibly from Ir. *huṷăra- or *xṷăra-, for which numerous etymologies might…
- CHOANA
CHOANA (attested only as Gk. Khóana; etymology in dispute), the name of two Iranian towns mentioned by Ptolemy. 1. Choana…
- CHOAMANI
CHOAMANI, name of an eastern Iranian tribe (perhaps located in western Bactria), mentioned only by Pomponius Mela (1.13; ca. mid-1st…
- CHARON OF LAMPSACUS
CHARON OF LAMPSACUS (Gk. Khárōn ho Lampsakēnós), Greek historiographer, son of Pythocles (Suda, s.v.) or Pythes (Pausanias, 10.38.1). There is…
- CHARES of MITYLENE
CHARES OF MITYLENE (or Mytilene, as in Athenaeus, 7.4; 10.49, and Pliny, Natural History 1.12), Greek historiographer, who participated in…
- CHAARENE
CHAARENE (Gk. Khaarēnḗ), in Achaemenid times one of the easternmost Iranian provinces and the one closest to India (Strabo, 15.2.11)….
- CASPIANS
CASPIANS (Gk. Káspioi), name of an ancient people dwelling along the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea, whether north or…
- CARMANIA
CARMANIA, region east of Fārs province, approximately equivalent to modern Kermān. The Old Persian form (k-r-m-a-n = Kṛmāna- or Karmāna-,…
- XERXES i. The Name
XERXES, name of two Achaemenid rulers and of some later princes. i. THE NAME Xerxes is the common Greek (Xérxēs)…
- CANDYS
CANDYS (Gk. kándys), name probably of Iranian origin used by Greek authors for a Persian garment; the name may be…
- CADUSII
CADUSII (Lat.; Gk. Kadoúsioi), an Iranian tribe settled between the Caspian and the Black seas according to Stephan of Byzantium…
- BLACK SEA
BLACK SEA, an almost entirely landlocked sea situated between 46° 32’ and 40° 55’ north latitude and 27° 27’ and…
- ARTEMISIA
ARTEMISIA (Gk. Artemisíā, Ion. -íē), queen (Pausanias, 3.11.3: ebasíleuse) of Halicarnassus in Caria, who as an ally of Xerxes I…
- JUSTI, FERDINAND (WILHELM JAKOB)
JUSTI, FERDINAND (WILHELM JAKOB), German scholar of Oriental, particularly Iranian, studies, comparative philologist, and folklorist (b. 2 June 1837 in…
- IŠKATA
IŠKATA, in the Avesta the name of a mountain (Yt. 19.3; Y. 10.11) and in Yt. 10.14 that of the…
- ISIDORUS OF CHARAX
ISIDORUS OF CHARAX (Gk. Isídōros ho Charakēnós), Greek geographical author, about whose life and person no more is reliably known…
- IMMORTALS
IMMORTALS (Gk. athánatoi), name of a corps of 10,000 Persian élite infantry soldiers in Herodotus (7.83.1, 211.1; 8.113.2). The later…
- HYDARNES
HYDARNES (Gk. Hydárnēs), a rendering of the Old Persian male name Vidṛna (spelled vi-i-d-r-n), which is reflected also in Elamite…
- HÜSING, GEORG
HÜSING, GEORG, versatile German scholar who among other fields (e.g., German studies, mythology) specialized in Old Iranian and Elamite studies…
- HÜBSCHMANN, (JOHANN) HEINRICH
HÜBSCHMANN, (JOHANN) HEINRICH, eminent German scholar of Iranian and Armenian studies (b. l July 1848 in Erfurt, d. 20 January…
- HINZ, (A.) WALTHER
HINZ, (A.) WALTHER German scholar of Persian and Elamite studies (b. 19 November 1906 in Stuttgart, d. 12 April 1992…
- HESYCHIUS
HESYCHIUS (Gk. Hēsýchios), Greek lexicographer from Alexandria, whose lexicon records a number of Iranian words (6th or possibly 5th century…
- HESIOD
HESIOD (Gk. Hēsíodos), Greek epic poet, who lived about 700 B.C.E. and is the author of several didactic poems such…
- HAUMAVARGĀ
HAUMAVARGĀ, a term distinguishing one of the three groups of Sakā tribes, Sakā haumavargā (like the Sakā tigraxaudā “with pointed…
- HATRA
HATRA (Ḥaṭrā; Ar. Ḥażr), a strongly fortified city in Upper Mesopotamia (today northern Iraq), situated at 35° 40′ N and…
- GUBARU
GUBARU, Babylonian rendering of the Iranian name Gaub(a)ruva (q.v.), which is best known in the Greek form Gōbryas. …
- GRUNDRISS DER IRANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE
GRUNDRISS DER IRANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE (Encyclopaedia of Iranian Philology; Strassburg, 1895-1904, reprinted Berlin and New York, 1974), the first attempt to…
- GROTEFEND, GEORG FRIEDRICH
GROTEFEND, GEORG FRIEDRICH (b. 9 June 1775 in Hannoversch-Münden, d. 15 December 1853 in Hannover), German philologist and scholar of…
- Greece xii. Persian Loanwords and Names in Greek
GREECE xii. PERSIAN LOANWORDS AND NAMES IN GREEK The Greeks came into direct contact with speakers of Iranian languages when…
- Greece i. Greco-Persian Political Relations
GREECE i. GRECO-PERSIAN POLITICAL RELATIONS First contacts. Immediately after subjugating the Medes, and thus taking the initial step in creating…
- GOBRYAS
GOBRYAS, the most widely known (Greek) form of the Old Persian name Gaub(a)ruva (q.v.). Several bearers of this name, who…
- GERMANY iii. Iranian studies in German: Pre-Islamic period
This contribution aims at presenting an overview of the studies on all aspects of the culture of pre-Islamic Iran as…
- GEIGER, BERNHARD
GEIGER, BERNHARD, scholar of Indo-Iranian studies (b. 30 April 1881 in Bielitz, the present-day Bielsko-Biała in Poland; d. 5 July…
- GAUB(A)RUVA
GAUB(A)RUVA, Old Persian personal name, spelled g-u-b-ru-u-v (DB IV 84 etc.) and reflected in Elamite Kam-bar-ma, Babylonian Gu-ba-ru(-ʾ) (DB etc.),…
- GABAE
GABAE (Gk. Gábai), the name of two places in Persia and Sogdiana. 1. A town in Persis with the name…
- PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN v. SASANIAN PERIOD
PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN v. SASANIAN PERIOD In the examination of the anthroponomastic situation of Sasanian times, priority treatment must be…
- PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN vi. ARMENIAN NAMES OF IRANIAN ORIGIN
PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN vi. ARMENIAN NAMES OF IRANIAN ORIGIN For many centuries Armenian life and culture has been influenced in…
- PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN iv. PARTHIAN PERIOD
PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN iv. PARTHIAN PERIOD For the Parthian period there is no super-abundance of primary sources written in the…
- PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN iii. ACHAEMENID PERIOD
PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN iii. ACHAEMENID PERIOD Evidence of personal names belonging to the Achaemenid period is considerable, but in authentic…
- PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN ii. AVESTAN NAMES
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KÁRDAKES, the name of a Persian military unit mentioned several times by Greek and Roman authors, nearly always in relation…
- ZOROASTER i. THE NAME
ZOROASTER i. THE NAME The Gathic form and its derivatives. The authentic form of Zoroaster’s name is that attested in…
- SPIEGEL, FRIEDRICH (VON)
SPIEGEL, FRIEDRICH (von) (b. 11 July 1820 in Kitzingen am Main, d. 15 December 1905 in Munich), German orientalist and…
- REICHELT, HANS
REICHELT, HANS (b. 20 April, 1877 in Baden near Vienna, d. 12 May 1939 in Baden), Austrian scholar of Indo-European…
- OXYATHRES
OXYATHRES, Persian masculine name, attested only in this Greek form Oxyáthrēs, which in all probability is transformed by popular etymology…
- OXYARTES
OXYARTES, Persian masculine name, attested only in this Greek form Oxyártēs, which in all probability is transformed by popular etymology…
- OXATHRES
OXATHRES, Persian masculine name, attested only in the Greek forms Oxáthras and Oxáthrēs (sometimes transformed by popular etymology as Oxyáthrēs…
- ORONTES
ORONTES, Old Iranian masculine name, attested only in the Greek forms Oróntas, Oróntēs (Latin Orontes, Oronta), Orondēs, Aroandēs, Oro-, Aru-,…
- NISĀYA
NISĀYA (later MPers. Nisāy, NPers. Nesā, Ar. Nasā), the Old Iranian name of several Iranian regions and places, which cannot…
- MEILLET, (PAUL JULES) ANTOINE
MEILLET, (PAUL JULES) ANTOINE, French linguist and scholar of Iranian and Armenian studies (b. 11 November 1866 in Moulins, Allier,…
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GARMAPADA (g-r-m-p-d-, attested only in gen. Garmapadahya), name of the fourth month (June-July) of the Old Persian calendar, mentioned in…