Search Results for “greater%20iran”
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APŌŠ
C. J. Brunner
Middle Persian for Av. Apaoša, the demon of drought.
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ĀSTARKĪ
J. Qāʾem-Maqāmī
(or AŠTARKĪ), one sub-tribe of the six which presently constitute the Dūrkī tribe of the Haft Lang confederation of the Baḵtīārī people.
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ABŪ ZAYD B. MOḤAMMAD KĀŠĀNĪ
O. Watson
perhaps the single most important luster potter of Kāšān known to us. More signed and dated works (from 587/1191 to 616/1219) are known by him than by any other potter, and his signature occurs on a greater variety of wares, including both tiles and vessels.
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LAVĀSĀN
Giti Deyhim and EIr.
a town and district northwest of Tehran.
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ARTAXIAS I
J. Russell
reigned 189-160 B.C., founder of the Artaxiad dynasty in Greater Armenia.
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BĀRHANG
Hakim M. Said
(also bārtang), plantain, general name for about 27 species of Plantago L. (family Plantaginaceae) in Iran, particularly the greater plantain, the lesser plantain, and fleawort.
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ĀDURBĀD ĒMĒDĀN
A. Tafażżolī
second author of the 9th century CE Zoroastrian compilation, Dēnkard.
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ČAḠĀNRŪD
C. Edmund Bosworth
Čaḡānīrūd in Farroḵī, the seventh and last right-bank tributary of the Oxus or Amu Darya.
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IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (8) Semitic Languages
Gernot Windfuhr
First Aramaic and then Arabic had considerable contact with Iranian languages. Their impact differs.
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BARĀ’A
E. Kohlberg
an Imami theological term denoting dissociation from the enemies of the imams. During the conflict between ʿAlī and Moʿāwīa, formulas of dissociation were used by both parties.
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ʿĀLAM-E NESVĀN
L. P. Elwell-Sutton
a magazine founded in Mīzān 1299 Š./September 1920, one of the earliest periodicals published by and for women.
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ABŪZAYDĀBĀD
E. Yarshater
Oasis village of the province of Kāšān, called Būzābād for short and Bīzeva in the local dialect. It is situated 30 km to the east and slightly to the south of the city of Kāšān.
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EBN ABĪ ṬĀHER ṬAYFŪR, ABU’L-FAŻL AḤMAD
C. Edmund Bosworth
(819-93), littérateur (adīb) and historian of Baghdad, of a Khorasani family.
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DUGDŌW
D. N. MacKenzie
the name of Zoroaster’s mother, which appears in several different spellings in the Pahlavi texts, mostly more or less corrupted from an original attempt at representing the Avestan form.
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ARBELA
J. F. Hansman
capital of an ancient northern Mesopotamian province located between the two Zab rivers.
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BĀFQ
C. E. Bosworth
a small oasis town of central Iran (altitude 1,004 m) on the southern fringe of the Dašt-e Kavīr, 100 km southeast of Yazd in the direction of Kermān.
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ĀSŌRISTĀN
G. Widengren
name of the Sasanian province of Babylonia.
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GORGĀNI, FAḴR-AL-DIN ASʿAD
Julie Scott Meisami
(fl. ca. 1050), poet, best known for his verse romance Vis o Rāmin, completed in 1055 or shortly thereafter and dedicated to the Saljuq governor of Isfahan, the ʿAmid Abu’l-Fatḥ Moẓaffar b. Moḥammad.
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AMĪRAK BALʿAMĪ
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
name given to ABŪ ʿALĪ MOḤAMMAD, vizier of the Samanids.
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BADR-AL-DĪN SERHENDĪ
Y. Friedmann
(b. ca. 1593-94), a Sufi author, translator, and disciple of Aḥmad Serhendī.
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DADESTAN
Mansour Shaki
(dād “law,” with the formative suffix -stān), a Middle Persian term used with denotations and connotations that vary with the legal, religious, philosophical, and social context.
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FREE VERSE
Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak
in Persian poetry. The term šeʿr-e āzād, Persian for the French vers libre and English free verse, entered Persia in the 1940s and immediately began to be used in a variety of senses and applied to diverse subspecies of the emerging canon of šeʿr-e now (new poetry), especially to highlight those features in which this body of poetry was felt to differ from classical Persian poetry and the contemporary practice modeled after it.
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ANKLESARIA, BAHRAMGORE TAHMURAS
K. M. JamaspAsa and M. Boyce
(1873-1944), Parsi scholar, son of Tahmuras Dinshah Anklesaria, born and educated in Bombay.
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FRAWARDĪGĀN
William W. Malandra
name of the ten-day Zoroastrian festival (gāhānbār) at year’s end in honor of the spirits of the dead.
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AMĪNJĪ
I. Poonawala
eminent Ṭayyebī Ismaʿili jurist from Ahmadabad in India (d. 1567).
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DĀDĪŠOʿ
Erica C. D. Hunter
(Syr. “beloved of Jesus”; Payne Smith, col. 824, s.v.; Pers. “given by Jesus”), catholicus of the Sasanian “Nestorian” church in 420/21-455/56.
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BĀTMAN
Yu. Bregel
a measure of weight, the same as mann but more common in Central Asia, especially in modern times. There was a great variety of bātmans in different regions and for weighing different goods.
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ALEXANDER THE GREAT ii. In Zoroastrian Tradition
F. M. Kotwal and P. G. Kreyenbroek
heritage of the Sasanian period includes two widely divergent storylines about Alexander, both of which were presumably transmitted by Zoroastrians and can therefore be labelled “Zoroastrian.”
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EBN MATTAWAYH, ABŪ MOḤAMMAD ḤASAN
Martin McDermott
b. Aḥmad b. Mattawayh, Muʿtazilite theologian of the Basran school, a student of Qāżī ʿAbd-al-Jabbār (d. 1025).
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HAFT ḴOSRAVĀNI
Ameneh Youssefzadeh
the seven musical systems or modes attributed to Bārbad, the famous court musician of the Sasanian king Ḵosrow II Parvēz (r. 590-628).
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AMIRDOVLATʿ AMASIATSʿI
Avedis K. Sanjian
(b. Amasya ca. 1420/25; d. Bursa, 1496), Armenian physician at the Ottoman court and author of Angitats Anpet, an encyclopedic polyglot in six languages including Persian.
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KASHAN v. ARCHITECTURE (1) URBAN DESIGN
Mohammad- Reza Haeri and EIr.
The city of Kashan, similar to other older Iranian cities, preserved its traditional architectural features and urban design into the early 20th century.
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JONAYD-E NAQQĀŠ
Barbara Brend
a painter of the 14th century, known from one reference and one picture.
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AVARAYR
R. Hewsen
a village in Armenia in the principality of Artaz southeast of the Iranian town of Mākū.
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KANGDEZ
Pavel Lurje
(lit. “Fortress of Kang,”), a mythical, paradise-like fortress in Iranian folklore. There are different and often contradictory descriptions of Kang, Kangdež and several similar place names in Pahlavi literature and the epics of the Islamic period.
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AN LU-SHAN
E. G. Pulleyblank
frontier general of mixed Sogdian and Turkish ancestry who rose to high rank during the latter part of the reign of Hsüan-tsung (713-56).
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ABŪ SALAMA ḴALLĀL
R. W. Bulliet
head of the Hashemite propaganda organization (daʿwa) that sparkled the ʿAbbasid revolution and first vizier of the new dynasty.
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AMMŌ, MĀR
J. P. Asmussen
Manichean apostle, outstanding figure in the missionary history of Manicheism during the 3rd century CE.
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ANŪŠA MOḤAMMAD
G. L. Penrose
B. ABU’L-ḠĀZĪ, ABU’L-MOẒAFFAR, Khan of Ḵīva 1663-87.
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DAHM YAZAD
Mary Boyce
the Middle Persian name of the Zoroastrian divinity (also known as Dahmān Āfrīn and Dahmān) who is the spirit or force inherent in the Avestan benediction called Dahma Vaŋuhi Āfriti, or Dahma Āfriti.
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EBN AL-QAṢṢĀB, ABŪ ʿABD-ALLĀH ABU’L-MOẒAFFAR MOʾAYYAD-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD
Richard W. Bulliet
(b. ca. 1128), b. ʿAlī, Shiʿite vizier of the caliph al-Nāṣer from 1194 to 1195.
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AFGHANISTAN ii. Flora
M. Šafīq Yūnos
Climate studies have shown the importance of precipitation and altitude as conditioning factors for the diversity of Afghanistan’s flora.
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BASILIUS OF CAESAREA
J. P. Asmussen
or Basilius the Great (ca. A.D. 330-79), bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370, after Eusebius, who wrote regarding the Magi.
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KARAJ i. Modern City
Bernard Hourcade
The area of Karaj has been inhabited since the Bronze Age at Tepe Khurvin, and the Iron Age at Kalāk on the left bank of the Karaj River.
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FŪMANĪ, ʿABD-AL-FATTĀḤ
Sholeh Quinn
author of the Tārīḵ-e Gīlān, a local history of Gīlān covering the years 1517-1628.
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ESḤĀQ MAWṢELĪ
Everett K. Rowson
(767?-850), prominent musician at the ʿAbbasid court in Baghdad and the successor of his equally famous father Ebrāhīm Mawṣelī as leader of the conservative school of musicians of the time.
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IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (6) in Islamic Iran
Gernot Windfuhr
The non-Iranian languages spoken today in Iran include members of the following language families: (1) Altaic, (2) Afro-Asiatic Semitic, (3) Indo-European, (4) Caucasian (5) Dravidian.
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ISLAM IN IRAN xi. JIHAD IN ISLAM
David Cook
The term jihad (Ar. jehād “struggle, striving”) occurs (either in its root or derivatives) about forty times in the Qurʾān with the secondary, but dominant, meaning of “regulated warfare with divine sanction.”
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RĀŻIA ĀZĀD
Evelin Grassi
(Roziya Ozod; 1893-1957), Tajik poet and educator.
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ALTŪN TAMḠĀ
G. Doerfer
“gold mark of ownership” (Tk.), a seal that was used throughout their empire by the Mongol rulers of Iran (including the Chupanids and Jalayerids), especially for financial or property decisions and in documents relating to financial transactions by the state.