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Search in 9,406 entries of Encyclopædia Iranica

The Encyclopædia Iranica is a comprehensive research tool dedicated to the study of Iranian civilization in the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.

Featured Articles

ŠĀPUR I: ROCK RELIEFS

ŠĀPUR I: ROCK RELIEFS

ŠĀPUR I  Rock Reliefs Seven rock reliefs from the time…
10 min
FLAGS i. Of Persia

FLAGS i. Of Persia

FLAGS i. OF PERSIA "National flags” symbolizing political entities began…
29 min
SALJUQS vi. ART AND ARCHITECTURE

SALJUQS vi. ART AND ARCHITECTURE

SALJUQS vi. ART AND ARCHITECTURE The naming of an art-historical…
23 min
KAKRAK

KAKRAK

KAKRAK, a Buddhist site comprised of a group of caves,…
5 min
ḴOR-E MUSĀ

ḴOR-E MUSĀ

Figure 1. The Bay of Ḵor-e Musā and its surroundings.…
8 min
ḴᵛORMUJ

ḴᵛORMUJ

ḴvORMUJ, town and administrative center of Dašti Sub-province (šahrestān) in…
7 min
AFYŪN

AFYŪN

AFYŪN, opium, its production and commerce in Iran. The word…
20 min
FIREARMS i. HISTORY

FIREARMS i. HISTORY

FIREARMS in Persia. This article surveys the history and production…
30 min
ḴOSROW IV

ḴOSROW IV

Ḵosrow IV is mentioned in some textual sources and also…
3 min
KAMĀNČA

KAMĀNČA

KAMĀNČA (کمانچه, lit. “small bow”), the most common term throughout much…
9 min
MĀRLIK

MĀRLIK

MĀRLIK, an elite burial ground of the late 2nd-early 1st…
14 min

In collaboration with the University of Toronto.

Research Compendia

Women Poets Iranica

Women Poets Iranica is an integrative encyclopedia of postclassical, modern, and contemporary women poets.

Women Poets Iranica

Cinema Iranica

Cinema Iranica provides historical articles on movies, genres, film movements, filmographies, directors, composers, stars.

Cinema Iranica

This monument of scholarship in Iranian Studies is a mine of detailed information, with bibliographical references, on every aspect of Iranian history, thought, languages, and civilization.

Dr. Farhad DaftaryInstitute of Ismaili Studies, in Journal of the American Oriental Society

La premiere fois qu'une encyclopédie pluridisciplinaire sur lʼIran est mise en chantier.

Prof. Jean CalmardUniversity of Paris, in Abstracta Iranica

A real tour de force. There is no project in the entire Middle Eastern field more worthy of support than the Encyclopaedia Iranica.

Prof. Richard N. FryeHarvard University, In Journal of the American Oriental Society

The Encyclopaedia Iranica volumes are the most extensive and important contributions to the study of Islamic and pre-Islamic Iranian history and culture that have been made in this century.

Dr. Prudence HarperCurator Emerita of Ancient Near Eastern Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Encyclopaedia Iranica will be judged as the most significant contribution of our century to the advancement of Iranian studies as a scholarly enterprise.

Prof. Ali BanuaziziBoston College, in International Journal of Middle East Studies

Une grande entreprise.

Prof. Gilbert LazardMembre de l'Institut, in Journal Asiatique

The foremost reference work on Iran ever produced and one of the premier reference works in the humanities published in our time.

Prof. Roy MottahedehHarvard University, in Middle East Journal

The Encyclopaedia Iranica is not just a necessity for Iranists; it is of inestimable value for everyone concerned with the history and culture of the Middle East.

Prof. Richard BullietColumbia University, in International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies

Encyclopaedia Iranica is indispensable for any scholarly work of specialists in the fields of Iranian and Islamic Studies. [It] deserves the highest praise and full support.

Prof. Werner EndeAlbert-Ludwigs-Universitat, in ZDMG