Table of Contents

• TORTURE IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Bruno Jacobs

  Torture is here taken as defined in the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), Art. 1.1.

• TOWFIQ (TAWFIQ) NEWSPAPER

  Hasan Javadi

  a satirical and political weekly newspaper published intermittently in Tehran between 1923 and 1971.

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• TOYUL

  Cross-Reference

  one of the terms for “land grant.” See EQṬĀʿ.

• TRAGACANTH

  Cross-reference

  For gum tragacanth, see KATIRĀ.

• TRAJAN

  Erich Kettenhofen

  Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Roman emperor (98-117 CE), born probably in 53 CE, and died in early August 117. During his reign, the Imperium Romanum stretched to its widest extent, but only for a short period.

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• TREE

  Cross-Reference

  See DERAḴT.

• TRIBE

  Cross-Reference

  For the Persian terms used and an overview of tribal groups, see ʿAŠĀYER.

• ṬUBĀ VA MAʿNĀ-YE ŠAB

  Houra Yavari

  novel (1987) by Shahrnush Parsipur, fiction writer and essayist, generally regarded as one the first instances of magical realism in modern Iran. The novel’s creative use of magical realism is colored by a distinctly mystical tone and has borrowed much of its flavor from Iran’s Illuminationist Philosophy.

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• TUMANSKIǏ, Aleksandr Grigor’evich

  Jahangir Dorri

  (1861-1920), Russian orientalist, major-general of the Russian Imperial Army. He belonged to an ancient aristocratic family which had originated from the Great Duchy of Lithuania.

• TUP

  F. Farrokh

  (tr. by Fariydoun Farrokh as The Cannon, Washington D. C., 2009), the first full-length novel by Gholam-Hosayn Sa’edi.