Search Results for “Mecca”

• EMDĀD-ALLĀH ḤĀJĪ

  Barbara D. Metcalf

  (b. Thana Bhawan, India, 1817, d. Mecca, 1899), spiritual guide and scholar.

• ENTEBĀH

  L. P. ELWELL-SUTTON

  lit. “Awakening”; a Persian newspaper published in Karbalā, Iraq, in 1914 by Mīrzā ʿAlī Āqā Šīrāzī Labīb-al-Molk, editor of Moẓaffarī published in Būšehr and Mecca.

• ABŪ ḎARR HERAVĪ

  J. A. Wakin

  a traditionist known primarily for his role in the transmission of Boḵārī’s Jāmeʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ.

• ABŪ TORĀB NAḴŠABĪ

  B. Radtke

  noted 3rd/9th century ascetic.

• AʿMĀ

  I. Abbas

  7th-8th century poet from Azerbaijan who wrote in Arabic.

• ʿABD-AL-KARĪM KAŠMĪRĪ

  S. Maqbul Ahmad

  noted chronicler of Nāder Shah’s military campaigns (d. 1784).

• BAḠAVĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN

  H. Schützinger

  ʿALĪ B. ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ B. MARZBĀN B. SĀBŪR, traditionist (moḥaddeṯ) and philologist in the 9th century.

• ḠOBĀRI, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN

  Tahsİn Yazici

  b. ʿAbd-Allāh (d. 1566), Ottoman poet, calligrapher, and Sufi who wrote in both Turkish and Persian.

• ʿALĪ MOTTAQĪ

  M. Baqir

  Saint and Hadith scholar of India (885-975/1481-1567).

• KĀMRĀN MIRZĀ

  Sunil Sharma

  In his Haft eqlim, Aḥmad Amin-Rāzi devotes a long section to Kāmrān Mirzā in which he extols the prince’s bravery, generosity, and piety. The historian Badāʾuni also praises him as a courageous and learned man, renowned as a poet, but who was led to ruin by excessive drinking, while Abu’l-Fażl portrays him as a treacherous ingrate.

• ʿABDALLĀH B. ʿĀMER

  J. Lassner

  Arab general and governor active in Iran, b. in Mecca in 4/626.

• ḤOLWI, JAMĀL-AL-DIN MAḤMUD

  Tahsin Yazi

  biographer of the leaders of the Ḵalwati Sufi order and minor poet (1574-1654).

• FARĀHĀNĪ, MĪRZĀ MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN

  Hafez Farmayan

  (1847-1913) Persian diplomat and author of a travelogue (safar-nāma) intended to show how a Shiʿite pilgrim could successfully undertake the journey to Mecca. In it one learns much about Arabia, the Ottoman empire, and the Sunnis in general.

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• ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ

  D. Duda

  Jahāngīr writes that sixteen miniatures are by Behzād, five by his teacher Mīrak, and one by ʿAbd-al-Razzāq. Earlier investigators did not succeed in establishing convincing attributions of the miniatures to these artists, as they were also puzzled by numerous apocryphal signatures and false identifications attached to the paintings.

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• ABŪ ʿABDALLĀH YAʿQŪB

  D. Sourdel

  vizier of the ʿAbbasid caliph Mahdī (r. 158-69/775-85).

• EBN ḤAWŠAB, ABU’L-QĀSEM ḤASAN

  Heinz Halm

  b. Faraj (or Faraḥ) b. Ḥawšab b. Zāḏān Najjār Kūfī, known also as Manṣūr al-Yaman (d. 914), Ismaʿili dāʿī and founder of the Ismaʿili community in northern Yemen.

• MOBĀRAK, HĀJI

  Anthony A. Lee

  (1823-1863), African slave of Sayyed ʿAli-Moḥammad Širāzi, the Bāb, and participant in the founding events of the Babi movement.

• ATTABI

  E. Sims

  one of many names for cloth used by medieval Islamic writers.

• JĀMEʿ-E ʿABBĀSI

  Sajjad Rizvi

  a Persian manual on foruʿ al-feqh (positive rules derived from the sources of legal knowledge) in Shiʿism.

• ʿALĪ, ḴᵛĀJA

  H. Horst

  also known as SAYYED ʿALĪ ʿAJAMĪ (b. ca. 770/1368-69, d. 830/1427 or 832/1429), an ancestor of the Safavid royal family, the son of Shaikh Ṣadr-al-dīn and grandson of Shaikh Ṣafī-al-dīn Ardabīlī. 

• FARZĀN, Sayyed Moḥammad

  EIr

  (b. near Birjand, 1894; d. Bābolsar, 1970), an eminent scholar of classical literature.

• ABŪ BAKR NAYSĀBŪRĪ

  M. J. McDermott

  a jurist loosely belonging to the Shafeʿite school.

• BORHĀN BALḴĪ

  Zabihollah Safa

  BORHĀN-AL-DĪN MOẒAFFAR b. Šams b. ʿAlī b. Ḥamīd-al-Dīn, a poet of the 14th century from Balḵ. He was descended from Ebrāhīm b. Adham, the renowned Iranian Sufi of the 2nd/8th century. 

• ELĪF EFENDI, Ḥaṣīrīzāda

  Tahsin Yaziçi

  (b. in Sütlüce, May 1850; d. 4 December 1926), Turkish poet and scholar.

• ʿALĪ KHAN ḤĀJEB-AL-DAWLA

  H. Busse

  Qajar official (1222-84/1807-08 to 1867).

• DAWRAQ

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  or Dawraq al-Fors; name of a district (kūra), also known as Sorraq, and of a town that was sometimes its chef-lieu in medieval Islamic times.

• ḤAMZA-NĀMA i. GENERAL

  William L. Hanaway, Jr.

  The hero of Ḥamza-nāma is Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-al-Moṭṭaleb, whose adventures are thought to be a conflation of stories from eastern Persia about Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-Allāh the Kharijite (d. 797-8).

• ḤEKMAT BEY

  Tahsin Yazici

  ʿĀREF, Ottoman šayḵ-al-eslām (supreme authority in religious matters) 1845-54, poet in Turkish, Arabic, and Persian.

• ḎU’L-RĪĀSATAYN

  Hamid Algar

  (b. Shiraz, 1873, d. Tehran, 15 June 1953), for thirty years qoṭb (leader) of a principal branch of the Neʿmatallāhī Sufi order. 

• ABŪ MŪSĀ AŠʿARĪ

  G. R. Hawting

  a Companion of the Prophet and important participant in the troubles which occupied the caliphate of ʿAlī. 

• EṢṬAḴRĪ, ABŪ ESḤĀQ EBRĀHĪM

  O. G. Bolshakov

  b. Moḥammad Fāresī Karḵī, 10th-century Muslim traveler and geographer and founder of the genre of masālek (lit. “itineraries”) literature.

• ČĀVOŠ

  Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī

  or ČĀVŪŠ, used in classical Persian texts with the meanings of 1. army commander; 2. master of ceremony or person in charge of the servants; 3. caravan leader; or, more specifically, 4. a guide on the road to Mecca or holy shrines.

• DEDE YŪSOF SĪNAČĀK

  Tahsın Yazici

  (b. Yenice on the Vardar in Ottoman Māqadūnīā [modern Macedonia] at an indeterminate date, d. Istanbul, 1546), Mawlawī Sufi shaikh, poet, and author.

• ʿABD-AL-ḴĀLEQ ḠOJDOVĀNĪ

  K. A. Nizami

  teacher and distinguished Naqšbandī saint (d. 617/1220), who consolidated and transmitted the thought of the Naqšbandī order.

• ABŪ MOṬĪʿ AL-BALḴĪ

  L. A. Giffen

  faqīh, judge, and traditionist, disciple of Abū Ḥanīfa, died 183/799 in Balḵ.

• ʿALĪ B. ʿĪSĀ B. DĀʾŪD

  D. Sourdel

   B. AL-JARRĀḤ (245-334/859-946), vizier during the reign of the caliph Moqtader (r. 908-32). His family was of Persian origin resident in Iraq.

• ASTARĀBĀDĪ, MOḤAMMAD AMĪN

  E. Kohlberg

   founder of the 17th-century Aḵbārī school.

• FAḴR-al-DĪNZARRĀDĪ, MAWLĀNĀ

  Sharif Husain Qasemi

  a 14th century spiritual leader of the Češtī Sufi order in India.

• ḤASAN B. NUḤ B. YUSOF

  Ismail K. Poonawala

  a Mostaʿli Ṭayyebi Ismaʿili savant and the author of Ketāb al-azhār, a chrestomathy of Ismaʿili literature (d. 1533).

• HAMZA NİGARİ

  Tahsin Yazi

  (Ḥamza Negāri) Ḥāji Mir Ḥamza Efendi b. Mir Pāšā, Sufi and poet from Azerbaijan, who wrote in both Persian and Turkish (d. 1886).

• ĀJĪL

  M. Kasheff

  an assortment of nuts, roasted chickpeas and seeds such as watermelon, pumpkin, and pear, and raisins and other dried fruits.

• EBN DĀʿĪ RĀZĪ, ABŪ TORĀB ṢAFĪ-AL-DĪN MORTAŻĀ

  Marco Salami

  b. Dāʿī b. Qāsem Rāzī Ḥosaynī (or Ḥasanī), known as ʿAlam-al-Hodā (d. after 1132), Imami traditionist and author of a heresiography in Persian.

• ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN ʿALĪ

  C. E. Bosworth

  Ghurid malek and later sultan, reigned in Ḡūr from Fīrūzkūh as the last of his family there before the extinction of the dynasty by the Ḵᵛārazmšāhs, 599-602/1203-96 and 611-12/1214-15. 

• ʿEṢĀMĪ, ʿABD-AL-MALEK

  Peter Jackson

  (fl. 1350), Indo-Muslim poet writing in Persian.

• AFŠĪN B. DĪVDĀD

  ʿA. Kārang and F. R. C. Bagley

  founder of the semi-independent Sajid dynasty in Azerbaijan (r. 276/889-90-317/929).

• ḤAKIM ʿALAWI KHAN

  Farid Ghassemlou

  an Iranian physician and author in the service of the Mughal Emperor Moḥammad Shah as his chief physician with the title of Moʾtamen-al-Moluk.  

• ABŪ TORĀB WALĪ

  S. Moinul Haq

  noble in the service of Akbar and author of Tārīḵ-e Goǰrāt, a short history of that province from the reign of Bahādor Shah (932-43/1526-36), with an account of his wars against Homāyūn, through Akbar’s conquest and up to 992/1584.

• BAḤR-AL-ʿOLŪM

  H. Algar

  (1155/1742-1212/1797), a Shiʿite scholar who exercised great influence both in Iraq and in Iran through the numerous students he trained.  

• BEHBAHĀNĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ

  Hamid Algar

  (1731-1801) B. MOḤAMMAD-BĀQER, ĀQĀ, Shiʿite mojtahed celebrated primarily for his ferocious hatred of Sufis.

• ČERĀḠ-ʿALĪ KHAN SERĀJ-AL-MOLK ZANGANA

  Denis M. MacEoin

  (d. after 1281/1864-65), a leading govern­ment official during the early reign of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah.

• BOḴĀRĪ, JALĀL-AL-DĪN

  Richard M. Eaton

  (1308-84), SHAIKH, popularly known as Maḵdūm-e Jahānīān and Jahāngašt, a celebrated Indo-Persian Sufi of Uch in the southern Punjab.

• ANBAR

  C. E. Bosworth

  (or ANBĪR), a town of the medieval Islamic province of Gūzgān or Jūzǰān in northern Afghanistan, probably to be identified with the modern Sar-e Pol.  

• BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN iv. Geography

  David Pingree

  Bīrūnī’s conceptions of the spherical shape of the earth and of the geographical features on its surface are those of Greek scientists, especially Ptolemy, as modified by earlier Muslim geographers.

• ʿABD-AL-ḤAQQ DEHLAVĪ

  N. H. Zaidi

  noted Mughal traditionist, historian, essayist, and biographer of saints (16th century).

• DARVĪŠ ʿALĪ, AMĪR NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN KüKäLTĀŠ KETĀBDĀR

  M. E. Subtelny

  Timurid amir under Solṭān-Ḥosayn Bāyqarā (1469-1506) and younger brother of ʿAlī-Šīr Navāʾ.

• MOḤAMMAD b. ʿABD-ALLAH

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (824/25-867), Abu’l -ʿAbbās, high official in Iraq and the central lands of the caliphate.

• ḤĀJI PIRZĀDA

  Anna Vanzan

  (d. 1904), Moḥammad ʿAli Nāʾini, Persian sufi and traveler, whose diary follows the convention of the Qajar safar-nāmas in its description of the wonders seen abroad; he expresses a sincere apprehension for those Iranians abroad whom he felt had forgotten their culture and religion.

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• AMASYA, PEACE OF

  M. Köhbach

  (8 Raǰab 962/29 May 1555), treaty signed between Iran and the Ottomans and observed for some twenty years.

• BOḴĀRĪ, AMĪR AḤMAD

  Hamid Algar

  (d. 1516), a Sufi instrumental in establishing the Naqšbandī order in Turkey.

• BICKNELL, HERMAN

  Michael C. Hillmann

  (1830-1875), a translator of Ḥāfeẓ. Some of his metered and rhymed translations replicate, or at least giving the impression of, Persian monorhyme patterns.

• BEDLĪSĪ, ḤAKĪM-AL-DĪN EDRĪS

  Cornell H. Fleischer

  B. ḤOSĀM-AL-DĪN ʿALĪ, MAWLĀNĀ (d. 1520), scholar, his­torian, poet, and statesman under the Ottoman Sultan Salīm I (r. 1512-20).

• ALPTIGIN

  C. E. Bosworth

  Turkish military slave commander of the Samanids and founder of Turkish power in eastern Afghanistan (d. 352/963).

• ʿALĪ QĀʾENĪ

  P. P. Soucek

  usually known as SOLṬĀN-ʿALĪ, calligrapher active in Herat and Tabrīz during the late 9th/15th and early 10th/16th centuries.

• JĀMI RUMI

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  (or Jāmi Meṣri), AḤMAD, Ottoman official, poet, and translator (fl. 10th/16th century).

• ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ BEG

  J. R. Perry

  (1176-1243/1762-63 to 1827-28), literary biographer, poet, and historian of the early Qajar period.

• ḤABIB-ALLĀH ḴORĀSĀNI

  Jalal Matini

  (1850-1909), Hājj Mirzā, an enlightened religious scholar of Mašhad and a poet.

• ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD MALEK-AL-KALĀMĪ

  P. P. Soucek

  calligrapher, poet, and government official (d. 1949).

• ʿABD-AL-QĀDER JĪLĀNĪ

  B. Lawrence

  noted Hanbalite preacher, Sufi shaikh and the eponymous founder of the Qāderī order.

• ʿABD-AL-NABĪ

  K. A. Nizami

  Mughal traditionist, for a time much esteemed by the emperor Akbar (16th century).

• ʿALĪ B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB

  W. Madelung

  ZAYN-AL-ʿĀBEDĪN (d. ca. 712-13), the fourth Imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites.

• ASTARĀBĀDĪ, MAHDĪ KHAN

  J. R. Perry

  court secretary and historiographer to Nāder Shah Afšār (r. 1148-60/1736-47).

• EBN ŠĀḎĀN

  Wilferd Madelung

  family name of two Imami traditionists: Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. Ḥasan (or Ḥosayn) Fāmī Qomī (10th century) and his son.

• DEHBĪD

  Sayyed ʿAlī Āl-e Dāwūd

  town in the šahrestān of Ābāda, Fārs (30° 37’ N, 53° 12’ E), situated on the Shiraz-Isfahan road in a plain 191 km northeast of Shiraz.

• ETTEHĀDĪYA, ŠERKAT-E

  Mansoureh Ettehadiyeh Nezam-Mafi

  an exchange company (ṣarrāfī) founded in Tabrīz in 1887 by the brothers Ḥājī ʿAlī and Ḥājī Mahdī Kūzakanānī in partnership with two local money changers, Sayed Mortażā and Ḥājī Loṭf-ʿAlī, and other Tabrīzī merchants.

• ḎU’L-NŪN MEṢRĪ, ABU’L-FAYŻ ṮAWBĀN

  Gerhard Böwering

  b. Ebrāhīm (b. Aḵmīm in Upper Egypt, ca. 791, d. Jīza [Giza], between 859 and 862), early Sufi master.

• ASTRAKHAN

  B. Spuler

  a town (Russian since 1556) on the river Volga.

• BANŪ SĀJ

  W. Madelung

  a family named after its ancestor Abu’l-Sāj which served the ʿAbbasid caliphate (9th-10th centuries).

• EBN ROSTA, ABŪ ʿALĪ AḤMAD

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  b. ʿOmar (d. after 903), Persian author of a geographical compendium.

• ISLAM IN IRAN vi. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN SUNNI ISLAM

  Said Amir Arjomand

  The Savior is a descendant of the Prophet whose expected return to rule the world will restore justice, peace, and true religion.

• FARHANG-E SORŪRĪ

  Solomon Bayevsky

  a dictionary of the Persian language, also known as Majmaʿ al-fors and Loḡat-e Sorūrī, compiled by the Persian poet Moḥammad-Qāsem Sorūrī.

• ABŪ ZAYD BALḴĪ

  W. M. Watt

  noted scholar in both Islamic and philosophical disciplines, but now known chiefly as a geographer. He was born in the village of Šāmestīān, near Balḵ in Khorasan, ca. 235/849 and died there in Ḏu’l-qaʿda, 322/October, 934. 

• ḤASANI, ABU’L-ʿABBĀS AḤMAD B. EBRĀHIM

  Wilferd Madelung

  Zaydi scholar from Āmol in Ṭabarestān, who flourished in the first half of the 3rd/9th century and taught three Caspian Zaydi imams.

• ĀẔARĪ ṬŪSĪ

  A. ʿA. Rajāʾī

  (ĀḎARĪ ṬŪSĪ), NŪR-AL-DĪN (or FAḴR-AL-DĪN) ḤAMZA B. ʿALĪ MALEK ESFARĀYENĪ BAYHAQĪ, Shiʿite Sufi poet (fl. 1382-1462).

• ABŪ SAHL NAWBAḴT

  D. Pingree

  2nd/8th century astrologer and author.  

• FARAḤĀBĀD

  Wolfram Kleiss

  common place name throughout Persia, without any cultural or historical significance. The three best-known locales with this name are a city quarter of Tehran, the remains of a palace complext near Isfahan, and an Abbasid pleasure palace on the Caspian sea.

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• ABŪ ḤAYYĀN TAWḤĪDĪ

  W. M. Watt

  an outstanding man of letters and essayist of the Buyid period.

• ĀSTĀN-E QODS-E RAŻAWĪ

  ʿA.-Ḥ. Mawlawī, M. T.Moṣṭafawī, and E. Šakūrzāda

  the complex of buildings surrounding the tomb of the Imam ʿAlī al-Reżā at Mašhad.

• ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. AḤMAD

  W. Madelung

  prominent theologian of the late Muʿtazilite school (10th century).

• BĀṬENĪYA

  H. Halm

  a generic term for all groups and sects which distinguished the bāṭen (inner, hidden) and the ẓāher (outer, visible) of the Koran and the Islamic law (Šarīʿa).

• ĀẔAR BĪGDELĪ

  J. Matīnī

  (ĀḎAR BĪGDELĪ), poet and author of a taḏkera (biographical anthology) of about 850 Persian poets, complied in 1174/1760.

• BŪŠEHRĪ, ḤĀJĪ MOḤAMMAD

  Bāqer ʿĀqelī

  MOʿĪN-AL-TOJJĀR (1859-1933), a merchant active in the Constitutional Revolution.  

• BAḠDĀDĪ, ḴĀLED ŻĪĀʾ-AL-DĪN

  H. Algar

  MAWLĀNĀ (1779-1827), the founder of a significant branch of the Naqšbandī Sufi order that has had a profound impact on his native Kurdistan and beyond.

• GOLŠAN DEHLAVI, Shah SAʿD-ALLĀH

  Moinuddin Aqeel

  b. Ḵᵛāja Moḥammad-Saʿid (1664-1728), Naqšbandi Sufi and prolific poet in Persian with the pen name (taḵallosá) Golšan.

• ʿABDALLĀH B. MOBĀRAK

  P. Nwyia

  Traditionist (736-97).

• PÎREMÊRD

  Keith Hitchins

  (1867-1950), pen-name of Tawfiq, son of Maḥmud, son of Ḥamza (in Kurdish: Tewfîq kurî MehmûdʿAḡa kurî Hemze ʿAḡa), Kurdish writer, journalist, and public intellectual.

• MAḴDUM ŠARIFI ŠIRĀZI

  Kioumars Ghereghlou

  (1540-41 to 1587), Sunni bureaucrat and polemicist; he held office as ṣadr or minister of religious affairs and endowments at the court of Shah Esmāʿil II Ṣafawi, and eventually fled to the Ottoman Empire.

• ḴĀQĀNI ŠERVĀNI i. Life

  Anna Livia Beelaert

  (1127-1186/1199), major Persian poet and prose writer.

• ISARDĀS NĀGAR

  Mario Casari

  (or Išwar Das, 1655-1749),  Hindu historian writing in Persian, author of  Fotuḥāt-e ʿālamgiri, a contemporary account of the reign of Awrangzēb.

• MEʿRĀJ ii. Illustrations

  Christiane J. Gruber

  From the turn of the 14th century onward, depictions of the Prophet Moḥammad’s night journey (esrāʾ) and heavenly ascent (meʿrāj) were integrated into illustrated world histories and biographies.

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• ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN ČEŠTĪ

  Hameed ud-Din

  Mughal saint and biographer (17th century).