Table of Contents
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ḤAMZA B. ĀḎARAK
C. Edmund Bosworth
or Atrak or ʿAbd-Allāh Abu Ḵozayma (d. 828), Kharijite rebel in Sistān and Khorasan during early ʿAbbasid times.
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HAMZA NİGARİ
Tahsin Yazi
(Ḥamza Negāri) Ḥāji Mir Ḥamza Efendi b. Mir Pāšā, Sufi and poet from Azerbaijan, who wrote in both Persian and Turkish (d. 1886).
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ḤAMZA-NĀMA
William L. Hanaway, Jr., Frances W. Pritchett
a popular prose romance transmitted orally and written down at a time unknown.
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ḤAMZA-NĀMA i. GENERAL
William L. Hanaway, Jr.
The hero of Ḥamza-nāma is Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-al-Moṭṭaleb, whose adventures are thought to be a conflation of stories from eastern Persia about Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-Allāh the Kharijite (d. 797-8).
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ḤAMZA-NĀMA ii. In the Subcontinent
Frances W. Pritchett
The Indo-Persian romance tradition, extending from the medieval period to the early 20th century, produced prose works of considerable literary and cultural interest, chief among which were many versions of the Ḥamza romance.
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HANAFITE MAḎHAB
Merlin Swartz
a school of Sunni jurisprudence named after Abu Ḥanifa Noʿmān b. Ṯābet (699-767), an early Kufan jurist and theologian of Persian descent.
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HANBALITE MAḎHAB
Merlin Swartz
a school of Sunni law and theology named after Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal (d. 855) which was founded largely under his influence in Baghdad.
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HANG-E AFRĀSIĀB
A. Sh. Shahbazi
in the national epic, the cave in which Afrāsiāb, the fugitive king of Turān, spent his last days.
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HĀNIBĀL, ʿALI
Ali Boloukbashi
(1891-1966), Russian-born Persian scholar and founder of the first journal of anthropology (majalla-ye mardom-šenāsi) in Persia.
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HĀNSAVI
S. H. Qasemi
(1184/85-1260/61), Shaikh, mystic, poet, and author.
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HANWAY, JONAS
Ernest Tucker
(1712-86), an English merchant who traveled to Persia and wrote an account of the trip which provides an eyewitness view of northern Iran during Nāder Shah’s last years.
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ḤANẒALA BĀDḠISI
François de Blois
one of the earliest (possibly the earliest) Persian poets of whom we have any record.
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HAOMA
Dieter Taillieu, Mary Boyce
Avestan name for a plant and its divinity.
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HAOMA i. BOTANY
Dieter Taillieu
Haoma is the Avestan name for a plant and its divinity, Mid. Pers. hōm, Sogd. xwm, Pers. and other living Iranian languages hōm, hūm and related forms.
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HAOMA ii. THE RITUALS
Mary Boyce
Haoma yields the essential ingredient for the parahaoma, the consecrated liquid prepared during the main act of worship, the Yasna, and its extensions, the Visperad and Vendidad.
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ḤAQIQAT (1)
Nasseredin Parvin
(“truth”), title of six different Persian-language newspapers or periodicals, published at various times in Tehran, Rašt, Isfahan, Kabul, and Aarhus (Denmark).
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ḤAQIQAT (2)
Habib Borjian
(“truth,” apparently a rendering of Russian Pravda), the title of several newspapers in Tajik Persian.
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HARĀ BƎRƎZAITĪ
cross-reference
See ALBORZ.
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HARAHUVATIŠ
cross-reference
See ARACHOSIA; ROḴAJ.
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HARAIVA
cross-reference
See HERAT i.
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HARĀSP
cross-reference
See ZAV.
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HARĀT
cross-reference
See HERĀT.
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HARAXVATIŠ
cross-reference
See ARACHOSIA; ROḴAJ.
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HARBURZ
Cross-Reference
In ancient Iranian tradition, the mountain at the middle of the earth’s surface; see ALBORZ ii. Alborz in Myth and Legend.
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HARDINGE, ARTHUR
Denis Wright
(1859-1933), Sir, British diplomat, who worked assiduously and effectively to counter the influence of Russia and enhance that of Britain.
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HARDINGE, CHARLES
Denis Wright
(1858-1944), Lord, First Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, British diplomat.
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HAREM
Multiple Authors
(Ar. and Pers. ḥaram “sanctuary”), wives and other female associates in former aristocratic families and the secluded quarter of a house reserved for them.
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HAREM i. IN ANCIENT IRAN
A. Shapur Shahbazi
There is no evidence for the practice among the early Iranians of taking large numbers of wives or concubines and keeping them in secluded quarters.
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HAREM ii. IN THE QAJAR PERIOD
Anna Vanzan
Women played an important role in the life of the Qajar monarchs. Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah and Nāṣer-al-Din Shah, in particular, kept a large harem.
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ḪARḪAR
Inna Medvedskaya
a land and a city at the western border of Media. It was taken several times by the Assyrian kings Shalmanaser III (r. 860-825 BCE) and Adad-nerari III (r. 812-782).
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HARI RUD
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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ḤARIRA
Etrat Elahi
a very light and diluted Persian dish made of fine wheat flour or wheat starch, or with rice flour or rice powder.
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HARISA
Etrat Elahi
a cooked dish made from a mixture of grains, usually half-ground wheat and barley, and meat, usually lamb and more recently sometimes beef.
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HARKARN DĀS KANBŌH
S.H. Qasemi
the first Hindu author of a Persian work, Eršād al-ṭālebin, commonly known as Enšāʾ-e Harkarn, a collection of documents and model letters.
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HARKI
Pierre Oberling
(Herki), a Kurdish tribe of western Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, and northeastern Iraq.
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HARP
Bo Lawergren
(čang), a string instrument which flourished in Persia in many forms from its introduction, about 3000 BCE, until the 17th century.
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HARPAGOS
Muhammad A. Dandamayev
a Median magnate and the trusted advisor of the last Median king Astyages, In 550 BCE, during the war between the Medes and Persians, Harpagosdefected to support Cyrus II.
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ḤARRĀN
C. E. Bosworth
an ancient town of Upper Mesopotamia, now located in the modern Turkish province of Diyarbakir approximately 40 km/25 miles south-southeast of Edessa, or Urfa.
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HARRIMAN MISSION
Fakhreddin Azimi
The American diplomat W. Averell Harriman was sent to Tehran in July 1951 to mediate between Persia and Great Britain after Persian nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.
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HARTNER, WILLY
A. Panaino
(1905-1981), professor of the History of Sciences specializing in astronomy, author of many works devoted to Oriental studies, including ancient Persian calendar systems.
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HĀRUN AL-MONAJJEM
David Pingree
(d. 987), astronomer, astrologer, and Hadith expert.
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HĀRUN AL-RAŠID
C. Edmund Bosworth
(d. 809), HĀRUN B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿABD-ALLĀH, the fifth caliph of the ʿAbbasid dynasty (r. 786-809), the third son of the caliph al-Mahdi.
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HĀRUN B. ALTUNTAŠ
C. E. Bosworth
son of a Turkish slave commander of Maḥmud of Ghazna who served as governor in Kᵛārazm 1032-35, first for the Ghaznavids, and then as an independent ruler.
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HĀRUN WELĀYAT
cross-reference
See ISFAHAN x. MONUMENTS.
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HĀRUT and MĀRUT
A. Shapur Shahbazi
two fallen angels who taught mankind magic in Babylon, mentioned once in the Koran. Their names derive from the Zoroastrian Ḵordād and Amurdād, two of the Aməša Spəntas.
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HARZANI
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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ḪARZIANU
I. N. Medvedskaya
a city and a district in Media, mentioned in the Assyrian texts of the time of Sargon II (r. 722–705 BCE).
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ḤASAB O NASAB
Louise Marlow
term used in Arabic and New Persian literature to express complementary aspects of the concept of nobility.
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ḤASAN B. ʿABD-AL-MOʾMEN
Tahsin Yaziçi
full name: ḤASAN B. ʿABD-AL-MOʾMEN, ḤOSĀM-AL-DIN ḴOʾI, 13th-century scribe, poet, and lexicographer from Azerbaijan.
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ḤASAN B. ʿABD-ALLĀH
cross-reference
B. AL-MARZOBĀN AL-SIRĀFI. See SIRĀFI, ABU SAʿID ḤASAN.