Table of Contents
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HA-GE’ULLAH
Amnon Netzer
Judeo-Persian weekly newspaper published in Tehran between 1920 and 1923.
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HAAS, WILLIAM S.
Hossein Kamaly
(1883-1956), German-born Iranist, advisor to the Iranian ministry of education and a pioneer of Iranian studies in the United States.
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ḤABAQUQ, TOMB OF
S. Soroudi
This brick monument, the overall shape of which is comparable with the tomb of Amir Timur in Samarqand, consists essentially of an octagonal tower topped by a conical roof. Each of the eight sides of the roughly 7 meter high tower is embellished with the design of an inset arch.
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ḤABIB AL-ESLĀM
Nasser-al-Din Parvin
Persian-language weekly newspaper published in Kabul, 1929 replacing Amān-e afḡān at the time of Bačča-ye Saqqā.
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ḤABIB EṢFAHĀNI
Tahsin Yazıcı
(1835-93), MIRZĀ, Iranian poet, grammarian, and translator, who spent much of his life in exile in Ottoman Turkey; noted for his Persian grammar, Dastur-e Soḵan, regarded as the first systematic grammar of the Persian language and a model for many later works.
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ḤABIB-ALLĀH
Ludwig W. Adamec
(1872-1919), Amir, monarch who initiated modernization in Afghanistan.
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ḤABIB-ALLĀH ḴORĀSĀNI
Jalal Matini
(1850-1909), Hājj Mirzā, an enlightened religious scholar of Mašhad and a poet.
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ḤABIB-ALLĀH SĀVAJI
Barbara Schmitz
(1587-1628), one of the more conservative artists active during the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I (r. 1587-1628). All we know about him, besides his paintings, is the brief note by his contemporary Qāżi Aḥmad, who, writing in 1596, referred to him as a masterful artist distinguished among his peers.
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ḤABIBĀBĀDI, MOʿALLEM
Cross-Reference
See MOʿALLEM ḤABIBĀBĀDI.
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ḤABIBIYA SCHOOL
Ludwig W. Adamec
an elite high school for boys established in 1903 in Kabul and named after its founder, Amir Ḥabib-Allāh.
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ḤABL AL-MATIN
Nassereddin Parvin
(lit. strong cord), name of three newspapers published in Calcutta, Tehran, and Rašt.
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ḤABLARUD
M. H. Ganji
river in Damāvand and Garmsār districts of Semnān province in northern Persia.
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ḤADĀʾEQ AL-SEḤR
N. Y. Chalisova
shortened title of the famous treatise Ḥadāʾeq al-seḥr fi daqāʾeq al-šeʿr (“Gardens of magic in the subtleties of poetry”) by Rašid(-e) Waṭwāt (d. 1182-83).
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HADAF EDUCATIONAL GROUP
Aḥmad Birašk
(Goruh-e Farhangi-e Hadaf), a pioneering private educational complex founded in Tehran in 1949-50.
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HĀDI ḤASAN
K. A. Jaisi
Indian scholar of Persian literature (1894-1963).
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HĀDI SABZAVĀRI
Seyyed Hossein Nasr
(1797-1873), Shaikh Mollā, prominent Islamic philosopher of the Qajar period, also known as a theologian and poet.
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ḤADIQAT AL-ḤAQIQA WA ŠARIʿAT AL-ṬARIQA
J.T.P. de Bruijn
a Persian didactical maṯnawi by the twelfth-century poet Ḥakim Majdud b. Ādam Sanāʾi.
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HADIŠ (1)
cross-reference
See PALACE i. ACHAEMENID.
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HADIŠ (2)
Mary Boyce
the Avestan name of a minor Zoroastrian divinity, glossed in Pahlavi (tr. of Visprad 1:9) by mēnōg ī xānag “Spirit of the house.”
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HADITH
Shahab Ahmed, A. Kazemi-Moussavi, Ismail K. Poonawala, Hamid Algar, Shaul Shaked
term denoting reports that convey the normative words and deeds of the Prophet Moḥammad; it is understood to refer generically to the entire corpus of this literature and to the thousands of individual reports that comprise it.
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HADITH i. A GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Shahab Ahmed
Hadith literature is understood to be the repository of the sonna (normative conduct) of the Prophet, which is regarded as second in authority only to the Koran as a source of Divine truth.
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HADITH ii. IN SHIʿISM
A. Kazemi-Moussavi
The Twelver Shiʿite conception of Hadith is generally in line with that of the Sunnites as discussed in Section i. However, Hadith about the Imams are authoritative as well.
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HADITH iii. IN ISMAʿILISM
Ismail K. Poonawala
Ismaʿilis had neither a Hadith collection of their own nor a distinct Ismaʿili law before the establishment of the Fatimid dynasty in North Africa in 297/909.
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HADITH iv. IN SUFISM
Hamid Algar
In keeping with all other categories of Islamic literature, the writings of the Sufis are replete with not only Koranic citations but also quotations of Hadith.
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HADITH v. AS INFLUENCED BY IRANIAN IDEAS AND PRACTICES
Shaul Shaked
The contact of Arabia with ancient Iran started even before Islam, and there are definite traces of the presence of Iranian religious notions in the Koran.
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HĀDŌXT NASK
Jean Kellens
(Book of scriptures), the sixth of the seven Gaθic (Gāsānīg) nasks of the Sasanian Avesta, according to the Dēnkard (8.45.1).
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HADRIAN
Ernst Badian
(Publius Aelius Hadrianus), Roman emperor 117-38. He abandoned the Parthian War and the provinces east of the Euphrates that had been instituted by Trajan but never securely held. He permanently renounced any intervention in Armenia and Parthia.
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ḤĀʾERI, ʿABD-AL-KARIM YAZDI
Hamid Algar
(1859-1937), Shaikh, an influential “source of emulation” and founder of the institution of religious teaching and guidance in Qom. His literary legacy was relatively meager, the result of his preoccupation with administering the Ḥawza and teaching.
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HAFEZ
Multiple Authors
Celebrated Persian lyric poet (ca. 715-792/1315-1390).
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HAFEZ i. AN OVERVIEW
Ehsan Yarshater
Hafez is the most popular of Persian poets. Many of his lines have become proverbial sayings, and there are few who cannot recite some of his lyrics.
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HAFEZ ii. HAFEZ’S LIFE AND TIMES
Bahaʾ-al-Din Khorramshahi and EIr
In spite of this enormous popularity and influence, details of his life are extremely sketchy, and the brief references in taḏkeras (anthologies with biographical sketches) are often unreliable or even purely fictitious.
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HAFEZ iii. HAFEZ’S POETIC ART
J. T. P. de Bruijn
Perhaps the greatest progress in research on Hafez during the past century has been made in the domain of philology. Critical editions have been published which begin to provide a reliable basis for the study of Hafez’s poetry.
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HAFEZ iv. LEXICAL STRUCTURE OF HAFEZ’S GHAZALS
D. Meneghini Correale
Despite limitations, it is nevertheless necessary to base textual criticism on complete and reliable lexico-statistical inventories of Hafez’s ghazals.
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HAFEZ v. MANUSCRIPTS OF HAFEZ
Julie Scott Meisami
A major concern of 20th-century Hafez scholarship has been the establishment of a reliable text of his poems.
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HAFEZ vi. PRINTED EDITIONS OF THE DIVĀN OF HAFEZ
Bahaʾ-al-Din Khorramshahi and EIr
Printed editions of Hafez’s poems include partial and complete collections, non-critical and critical editions, in lithographic, calligraphic, facsimile, and typeset formats. The first printed edition was commissioned by Richard Johnson of the East India Company and published by Upjohn’s Calcutta press in 1791.
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HAFEZ viii. HAFEZ AND RENDI
Franklin Lewis
Rend, variously translated in English as “rake, ruffian, pious rogue, brigand, libertine, lout, debauchee,” is the very antithesis of establishment propriety.
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HAFEZ ix. HAFEZ AND MUSIC
Franklin Lewis
The poetics of Hafez depends on a sensuality of language and imagery. Smell, taste, texture, color and certainly sound imagery abound. Translations and adaptations from Hafez have repeatedly been set to music of the Western classical music tradition.
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HAFEZ x. TRANSLATIONS OF HAFEZ IN ENGLISH
Parvin Loloi
The first poem by Hafez to appear in English was the work of Sir William Jones (1746-94).
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HAFEZ xi. TRANSLATIONS OF HAFEZ IN GERMAN
Hamid Tafazoli
The name of Hafez is closely associated with that of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in German literature. This is directly attributable to the status Goethe accords Hafez in his West-West-östlicher Divan (1819).
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HAFEZ xii. HAFEZ AND THE VISUAL ARTS
Priscilla Soucek
The 16th century constitutes the apex in production for illustrated copies of Hafez’s Divān; they were made in several places for a range of patrons. The largest group of the illustrated Hafez manuscripts was produced in Shiraz, the most impressive among them dating to the 1580s.
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HAFEZ xiii. - xiv. HAFEZ’S TOMB (ḤĀFEẒIYA)
Kuros Kamali Sarvestani
The Hafeziya is located south of the Koran Gate (Darvāza-ye Qorʾān) on the northern edge of Shiraz. It is on the site of the famous Golgašt-e Moṣallā, the pleasure ground often mentioned in the poems of Hafez.
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ḤĀFEẒ EṢFAHĀNI
Parviz Mohebbi
Mawlānā Moḥammad, known as Moḵtareʿ (inventor), 15th-16th century engineer, summoned by the Timurid court of Sultan Ḥosayn Bāyqarā to construct a clock after a European model.
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ḤĀFEẒ-E ABRU
Maria Eva Subtelny and Charles Melville
(d. 1430), author of many historical and historico-geographical works in Persian, which were commissioned by Šāhroḵ, the Timurid ruler of Herat during the first decades of the 15th century.
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ḤĀFEẒ-E ʿAJAM
Tahsin Yazıcı
HĀFEẒ-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD, scholar of religion and author, renowned for his ability to write with speed and in an attractive style.
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HAFT
A. Shapur Shahbazi
(seven), the heptad and its cultural significance in Persian history. The number has been explained as the symbolic expression of a distinct culture.
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HAFT AMAHRASPAND YAŠT
Antonio Panaino
or simply Haf-tān yašt, the second hymn of the Avestan corpus. It is dedicated to the seven Zoroastrian entities and recited on the first seven days of the month.
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HAFT EQLIM
Cross-Reference
See HAFT KEŠVAR.
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HAFT KEŠVAR
A. Shapur Shahbazi
(seven regions), the usual geographical division of the world in Iranian tradition; ancient Iranians envisioned the world as vast and round and encircled by a high mountain.
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HAFT ḴOSRAVĀNI
Ameneh Youssefzadeh
the seven musical systems or modes attributed to Bārbad, the famous court musician of the Sasanian king Ḵosrow II Parvēz (r. 590-628).
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HAFT ḴᵛĀN
Olga M. Davidson
the title of two famous episodes in Ferdowsi’s Šāh-nāma, the Haft Ḵᵛān-e Rostam, and the Haft Ḵᵛān-e Esfandiār, describing seven exploits that each hero had to undertake.