Wilferd Madelung
(1930–2023), pre-eminent scholar of Islamic history and civilization.
- BAṬṬAI YAZDĀNĪ
BAṬṬAI YAZDĀNĪ, the founder or reformer of the Kantheans, a sect related to the Mandeans. According to the account of…
- BĀQER, ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD
AL-BĀQER, ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD B. ʿALĪ B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB, the fifth imam of the Twelver Shiʿites….
- BANŪ SĀJ
BANŪ SĀJ, more correctly Āl Abi’l-Sāj, a family named after its ancestor Abu’l-Sāj which served the ʿAbbasid caliphate from the…
- BAḤRĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN
BAḤRĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN (also KAMĀL-AL-DĪN) ʿALĪ B. SOLAYMĀN SETRAWĪ, Imami scholar and philosopher inclining to mysticism of the first half of…
- BAḤRĀNĪ, HĀŠEM
BAḤRĀNĪ, HĀŠEM B. SOLAYMĀN B. ESMĀʿĪL B. ʿABD-AL-JAWĀD B. ʿALĪ B. SOLAYMĀN B. NĀṢER ḤOSAYNĪ KATKĀNĪ TŪBLĪ, Imami scholar and…
- ʿALĪ B. ŠAMS-AL-DĪN
ʿALĪ B. ŠAMS-AL-DĪN B. ḤĀJJĪ ḤOSAYN LĀHĪJĪ, author of the Tārīḵ-eḴānī. Nothing is known about the author except from his…
- ʿALĪ AL-HĀDĪ
ʿALĪ AL-HĀDĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN, B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿALĪ B. MŪSĀ AL-ʿASKARĪ, the 10th imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites (d. 254/868). Besides…
- ʿALĪ AL-REŻĀ
ʿALĪ AL-REŻĀ, ABU’L-ḤASAN B. MŪSĀ B. JAʿFAR, the eighth Imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites. In Shiʿite sources he is commonly…
- ʿALIDS
ʿALIDS Of ṬABARESTĀN, DAYLAMĀN, and GĪLĀN. From its beginnings in 250/864 until the early Safavid age, ʿAlid rule in the…
- AMR BE MAʿRŪF
AMR BE MAʿRŪF, Arabic al-amr be’l-maʿrūf wa’l-nahy ʿan al-monkar “enjoining what is proper or good and forbidding what is reprehensible…
- ARDABĪLĪ
ARDABĪLĪ, AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD, known as MOQADDAS and MOḤAQQEQ ARDABĪLĪ, Imamite theologian and jurist of the early Safavid age. As…
- AWLĪĀʾALLĀH ĀMOLĪ
AWLĪĀʾALLĀH ĀMOLĪ, the author of the history of Rūyān, Tārīḵ-eRūyān, written about 760/1359. Nothing is known about his life except…
- BADĀʾ
BADĀʾ (Ar. appearance, emergence), as a theological term denotes a change of a divine decision or ruling in response to…
- BADUSPANIDS
BADUSPANIDS, a dynasty ruling Rūyān and Rostamdār from the late 5th/11th to the 10th/16th century with the title of ostandārs…
- ʿALĪ B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB
ʿALĪ B. AL-ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB, ZAYN-AL-ʿĀBEDĪN, the fourth Imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites. His konyas are given…
- ABŪ SAʿĪD JANNĀBĪ
ABŪ SAʿĪD JANNĀBĪ, ḤASAN B. BAHRĀM, founder of the Qarmaṭī state in Baḥrain (b. between 230/845, and 240/855, d. 300/913…
- ABŪ YŪSOF QAZVINI
ABŪ YŪSOF QAZVĪNĪ, ʿABD-AL-SALĀM B. MOḤAMMAD B. YŪSOF B. BONDĀR, Muʿtazilite scholar and author of an immense Qurʾān commentary, born…
- ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA ḤASAN B. ROSTAM
ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA ḤASAN B. ROSTAM B. ʿALĪ B. ŠAHRĪĀR, ŠARAF-AL-MOLŪK, Bavandid ruler of Māzandarān. According to the account of Ebn Esfandīār,…
- ʿALAM-AL-HODĀ
ʿALAM-AL-HODĀ, ABU’L-QĀSEM ʿALĪ B. AL-ḤOSAYN AL-MŪSAWĪ AL-ŠARĪF AL-MORTAŻĀ, leading Imamite scholar, man of letters, and naqīb (syndic) of the Talibids…
- ĀL-E BĀVAND
ĀL-E BĀVAND (BAVANDIDS), a dynasty ruling Ṭabarestān (Māzandarān) from at least the 2nd/8th century until 750/1349. It claimed descent from…
- ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN SAMARQANDĪ
ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN SAMARQANDĪ, ABŪ BAKR MOḤAMMAD B. AḤMAD B. ABĪ AḤMAD, Ḥanafī jurist and Mātorīdī theologian. The attribution of the konya…
- ABŪ NOʿAYM AL-EṢFAHĀNĪ
ABŪ NOʿAYM AL-EṢFAHĀNĪ AL-ḤĀFEẒ, AḤMAD B. ʿABDALLĀH B. AḤMAD B. ESḤĀQ B. MŪSĀ B. MEHRĀN AL-AḤWAL, famous traditionist and author…
- ABU’L-QĀSEM ESḤĀQ SAMARQANDI
ABU’L-QĀSEM ESḤĀQ B. MOḤAMMAD B. ESMĀʿĪL B. EBRĀHĪM B. ZAYD SAMARQANDĪ, ḤAKĪM, Hanafite scholar, Sufi, and judge (qāżī) of Samarqand….
- ABŪ SAHL NAWBAḴTĪ
ABŪ SAHL ESMĀʿĪL B. ʿALĪ B. ESḤĀQ B. ABĪ SAHL NAWBAḴTĪ, also called EBN NAWBAḴT (b. 237/851-52 in Baghdad, d….
- ABU’L-ḴAYR B. AL-ḴAMMĀR
ABU’L-ḴAYR B. AL-ḴAMMĀR, ḤASAN B. SOVĀR B. BĀBĀ B. BAHNĀM (or BAHRĀM), Nestorian Christian physician, philosopher, theologian, and translator, b….
- ABŪ ESḤĀQ AL-ŠĪRĀZĪ
ABŪ ESḤĀQ AL-ŠĪRĀZĪ, EBRĀHĪM B. ʿALĪ B. YŪSOF B. ʿABDALLĀH AL-FĪRŪZĀBĀDĪ, Shafeʿite jurist, b. 393/1003 (395 and 396 are also…
- ABU’L-JĀRŪD HAMDĀNĪ
ABU’L-JĀRŪD ZĪĀD B. AL-MONḎER B. ZĪĀD AL-HAMDĀNĪ AL-ḴĀREFĪ, Kufan Shiʿite scholar and leader of the early Zaydite group named after…
- ABU’L-BARAKĀT BAḠDĀDĪ
ABU’L-BARAKĀT AL-BAḠDĀDĪ, AWḤAD-AL-ZAMĀN HEBATALLĀH B. ʿALĪ B. MALKĀ BALADĪ, 5th-6th/11th-12th century physician and philosopher of Jewish origin, born in Balad,…
- ABŪ BAKR KALĀBĀḎĪ
ABŪ BAKR KALĀBĀḎĪ BOḴĀRĪ MOḤAMMAD B. ABĪ ESḤĀQ EBRĀHĪM B. YAʿQŪB, author of the well-known compendium of Sufism al-Taʿarrof le-maḏhab…
- ʿABDĀN B. AL-RABĪṬ
ʿABDĀN B. AL-RABĪṬ, early Ismaʿili missionary (dāʿī) and author active in the rural district (savād) of Kūfa. According to the…
- ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ LĀHĪJĪ
ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ B. ʿALĪ B. AL-ḤOSAYN LĀHĪJĪ, 11th/17th-century theologian and philosopher (and poet under the pen name FAYYĀŻ). Little is known…
- ʿABD-AL-RAḤĪM ḴAYYĀṬ
ʿABD-AL-RAḤĪM B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿOṮMĀN AL-ḴAYYĀṬ, ABU’L-ḤOSAYN, Muʿtazilite theologian of Baghdad. He must have been born before 220/835, since he…
- ʿABD-AL-JALĪL RĀZĪ
ʿABD-AL-JALĪL QAZVĪNĪ RĀZĪ, NAṢĪR-AL-DĪN ABŪ RAŠĪD B. ABU’L-ḤOSAYN B. ABU’L-FAŻL, Emāmī Shiʿite scholar, preacher, and author, b. probably early in…
- ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. AḤMAD
ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. AḤMAD B. ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. AḤMAD B. ḴALĪL B. ʿABDALLĀH AL-HAMADĀNĪ AL-ASADĀBĀDĪ, ʿEMĀD-AL-DĪN ABU’L-ḤASAN, qāżī al-qożāt (chief judge) of…
- ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. ABUʾL-ḤADĪD
ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. ABUʾL-ḤADĪD, ʿEZZ-AL-DĪN ABŪ ḤĀMED B. HEBATALLĀH B. MOḤAMMAD B. MOḤAMMAD B. AL-ḤOSAYN AL-MADĀʾENĪ, Muʿtazilite scholar and man of…
- ʿABD-AL-ʿAẒĪM AL-ḤASANĪ
ʿABD-AL-ʿAẒĪM AL-ḤASANĪ, ABU’L-QĀSEM B. ʿABDALLĀH B. ʿALĪ B. AL-ḤASAN B. ZAYD B. AL-ḤASAN B. ʿALĪ B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB, Shiʿite ascetic…
- ʿABBĀD B. SALMĀN
ʿABBĀD B. SALMĀN (or SOLAYMĀN) B. ʿALĪ AL-ṢAYMARĪ, ABŪ SAHL, Muʿtazili theologian of the 3rd/9th century. Although Ebn al-Nadīm calls…
- DABUYIDS
DABUYIDS, the dynasty of espahbads ruling Ṭabarestān until its conquest by the Muslims in 144/761. It is named after its…
- DĀʿĪ ELAʾL-ḤAQQ, ABŪ ʿABD ALLĀH MOḤAMMAD
DĀʿĪ ELAʾL-ḤAQQ, ABŪ ʿABD-ALLĀH MOḤAMMAD b. Zayd b. Moḥammad b. Esmāʿīl b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb (d. 287/900),…
- ABŪ RAŠĪD NĪSĀBŪRĪ
ABŪ RAŠĪD NĪSĀBŪRĪ, SAʿĪD B. MOḤAMMAD B. SAʿĪD B. ḤASAN B. ḤĀTEM, Muʿtazilite scholar. He is first mentioned as a…
- COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY vi. In Ismaʿilism
COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY vi. In Ismaʿilism Ismaʿili cosmology evolved in four major stages. Stage 1. Pre-Fatimid doctrine, dating from the…
- EBN ṬĀWŪS, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN ABU’L- FAŻĀʾEL AḤMAD
EBN ṬĀWŪS, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN ABU’L- FAŻĀʾEL AḤMAD b. Mūsā b. Jaʿfar b. Moḥammad Ḥasanī, Imami scholar. The Banū Ṭāwūs, named after…
- EBN ŠĀHAWAYH
EBN ŠĀHAWAYH (Šāhūya), ABŪ BAKR MOḤAMMAD b. ʿAlī, a leader and envoy of the Carmatians. In Šawwāl 366/May-June 977 he…
- EBN ŠĀḎĀN
EBN ŠĀḎĀN, family name of two Imami traditionists. 1. Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. Ḥasan (or Ḥosayn) Fāmī Qomī, Imami…
- EBN AL-JEʿĀBĪ, ABŪ BAKR MOḤAMMAD
EBN AL-JEʿĀBĪ, ABŪ BAKR MOḤAMMAD b. ʿOmar Tamīmī Ḥāfeẓ, traditionist with Shiʿite leanings (b. Baghdad 23 or 24 Ṣafar 284/1…
- EBN AL-JONAYD, ABŪ ʿALĪ MOḤAMMAD
EBN AL-JONAYD (or al-Jonaydī), ABŪ ʿALĪ MOḤAMMAD b. Aḥmad Kāteb Eskāfī, Imami jurist. His nesba indicates that he came from…
- DEYLAMITES
DEYLAMITES, people inhabiting a shifting region in northern Persia and adjacent territories, including the Deylamān uplands. i. In the Pre-Islamic…
- DEYLAMĪ, ABU’L-FATḤ NĀṢER
DEYLAMĪ,ABU’L-FATḤ NĀṢER b. Ḥosayn b. Moḥammad b. ʿĪsā b. Moḥammad b. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd-Allāh b. ʿAlī b. Ḥasan…
- BOZORG-OMĪD, KĪĀ
BOZORG-OMĪD, KĪĀ, the second Ismaʿili ruler of Alamūt (518-32/1124-38). He was of Deylami origin from the region of Rūdbār. The…
- BOSTĪ, ABU’L-QĀSEM
BOSTĪ, ABU’L-QĀSEM ESMĀʿĪL b. Aḥmad JĪLĪ, Muʿtazilite and Zaydī author of the late 4th/10th and early 5th/11th century. Little is…
- BORHĀN-AL-DĪN NASAFĪ
BORHĀN-AL-DĪN NASAFĪ, ABU’L-FAŻĀʾEL MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad b. Moḥammad b. ʿAbd-Allāh (d. 687/1288), Hanafite theologian, logician, and expert on legal points…
- BOḴĀRĪ, ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN
BOḴĀRĪ, ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN ABŪ ʿABD-ALLĀH MOḤAMMAD b. ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān b. Aḥmad, called al-Zāhed al-ʿAlāʾ, Hanafite scholar of feqh, legal methodology, kalām theology,…
- ABŪ MOSLEM EṢFAHĀNĪ
ABŪ MOSLEM MOḤAMMAD B. BAḤR AL-EṢFAHĀNĪ AL-KĀTEB, secretary, official, man of letters, and Muʿtazilite Qurʾān commentator, b. 254/868, probably in…
- ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI i. LIFE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN SHIʿISM
ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI i. LIFE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN SHIʿISM According to most reports, Ḥosayn b. ʿAli was born on 5…
- ḤOQAYNI
ḤOQAYNI, the nesba of two Zaydi Imams referring to their ancestor Aḥmad Ḥoqaynab. ʿAli b. Ḥosayn b. ʿAli b. Abi…
- ḤASANI, ABU’L-ʿABBĀS AḤMAD B. EBRĀHIM
ḤASANI, ABU’L-ʿABBĀS AḤMAD B. EBRĀHIM, Zaydi scholar from Āmol in Ṭabarestān, who flourished in the first half of the 3rd/9th…
- ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB
ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB, eldest surviving grandson of the Prophet Moḥammad through his daughter Fāṭema, and second Imam…
- ḤAMDĀN QARMAṬ
ḤAMDĀN QARMAṬ b. al-Ašʿaṯ, Ismaʿili dāʿi and founder of the Ismaʿili movement in Iraq. He came from a village in…
- GĪLĀN iv. History in the Early Islamic Period
GĪLĀN iv. HISTORY IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD The Gelae (Gilites) seem to have entered the region south of the…
- ḠAZĀLĪ, ABŪ ḤĀMED MOḤAMMAD, vii, viii
ḠAZĀLĪ vii. Ḡazālī and the Bāṭenīs. viii. Impact on Islamic thought. See Supplement. vii. ḠAZĀLĪ AND THE BĀṬENĪS The…
