Linseed oil (rowḡān-e kattān) is a product of cultivated linseed or flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Rahimi-Laridjani suggests that the term semsem ‘sesame’ would be…

Cultivated flax has its ancestry in the wild flax (Linum angustifolium L.), which was widely distributed from Western Europe via the…

FIREARMS  ii. PRODUCTION OF CANNON AND MUSKETS It is now known that some fifty cannons were made in Persia between…

FALĀḴAN (a sling), a term probably derived from the Avestan fradaxšanā- (Darmesteter, II, p. 215, n. 38; AirWb., col. 981)….

ḤĀFEẒ EṢFAHĀNI, Mawlānā Moḥammad, known as Moḵtareʿ (inventor), was a 9th-10th/15th-16th century engineer who left a treaty, Se resāla dar…

GEMCUTTING (ḥakkākī). The first-known reference in Persian to gem cutting is found in an anonymous treatise on jewelry, Jowhar-nāma-ye neẓāmī,…