Hamid Algar
- ĀQĀ KHAN iii. Āqā Khan III
Solṭān Moḥammad Šāh Ḥosaynī Āqā Khan III (1294-1376/1877-1957), the “existent and present” (mawǰūd wa ḥāzÎʷer) imam of the Nezārī Ismaʿilis…
- ĀQĀ KHAN ii. Āqā Khan II
Āqā ʿAlī Šāh Āqā Khan II (1246-1303/1830-85), son of Āqā Khan Maḥallātī by Sarv-e Jahān Ḵānom, a daughter of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah….
- ĀQĀ KHAN i. Āqā Khan I Maḥallātī
Sayyed Ḥasan-ʿAlī Šāh Āqā Khan Maḥallātī (1219-1300/1804-81) was the last imam of the Nezārī Ismaʿilis to reside in Iran and…
- KHOMEINI ii. Works
KHOMEINI ii. WORKS Prodigiously erudite and energetic, Ruhollah Khomeini left as part of his legacy a vast and varied corpus…
- KHOMEINI i. Life
Early life and education. Ruhollah Khomeini was born on 20 Jomādā II 1320/24 September 1902 in Ḵomeyn, a small town…
- ʿABD-AL-FATTĀḤ GARMRŪDĪ
ʿABD-AL-FATTĀḤ GARMRŪDĪ (ca. 1200-64/1786-1848), a scribe and minor author of the mid-Qajar period. He was born into a clerical family…
- ʿABD-AL-HĀDĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ
ʿABD-AL-HĀDĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ, ĀYATALLĀH ḤĀJJ SAYYED (1305-82/1888-1962), a Šīʿī scholar of Naǰaf, highly regarded for his learning and piety. His father,…
- ʿABD-AL-KARĪM GAZĪ
ʿABD-AL-KARĪM GAZĪ (or JAZĪ, 1272-1339/1856-1921), a respected religious leader of Isfahan. Born to one Mollā Mandī in the village of…
- ʿABDALLĀH BEHBAHĀNĪ
ʿABDALLĀH BEHBAHĀNĪ (1256-1328/1840-1910), theologian (moǰtahed) and a prominent leader of the constitutional movement. Born in Naǰaf in 1256/1840, he was…
- ʿABDALLĀH MĀZANDARĀNĪ, SHAIKH
ʿABDALLĀH MĀZANDARĀNĪ, SHAIKH (1256-1330/1840-1912), a theologian (moǰtahed) who, through his fatvās and proclamations, lent powerful support to the constitutional movement….
- ABU’L-BAQĀʾ
ABU’L-BAQĀ B. ḴᵛĀJA BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN B. ḴᵛĀJA AḤMAD, author of Jāmeʿ al-maqāmāt on the life of the Naqšbandī saint, Mawlānā Ḵᵛāǰagī…
- ʿABĀʾ
ʿABĀʾ (in Arabic, also ʿabāʾa and ʿabāya), a loose outer garment, generally for men, worn widely throughout the Middle East,…
- ABU’L-FATḤ MĪRZĀ
ABU’L-FATḤ MĪRZĀ, MOʾAYYED-AL-DAWLA (d. 1330/1912), Qajar prince who held a number of governorships. His father was Solṭān Morād Mīrzā Ḥoṣām-al-salṭana,…
- ABU’L-FAŻL ḴOTTALĪ
ABU’L-FAŻL MOḤAMMAD B. ḤASAN ḴOTTALĪ (d. 453/1061?), preceptor of Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī Hoǰvīrī (d. 465/1073), the author of the celebrated Persian…
- ABU’L-ḤASAN EṢFAHĀNĪ
ABU’L-ḤASAN EṢFAHĀNĪ, ĀYATALLĀH (1284-1365/1867-1946), an Iranian moǰtahed who was a leading religious authority in the Shiʿite world for more than…
- ABU’L-ḤASAN KHAN MOJTAHED
ABU’L-ḤASAN KHAN MOJTAHED, MĪRZĀ (1121-1279/1806-63), member of a prominent family of Shiraz who led a turbulent life alternating between government…
- ABU’L-ḤASAN ŠAMSĀBĀDĪ
ABU’L-ḤASAN ŠAMSĀBĀDĪ, ĀYATALLĀH (1326-96/1908-76), an influential moǰtahed of Isfahan who was murdered on 7 April 1976 under mysterious circumstances. Born…
- ABU’L-ḤASAN ṬĀLAQĀNĪ
ABU’L-ḤASAN ṬĀLAQĀNĪ, ḤOJJAT-AL-ESLĀM (?-1350/1932), religious scholar and father of the celebrated Āyatallāh Maḥmūd Ṭālaqānī. Born in the village of Gelīrd…
- ABU’L-WAFĀʾ ŠĪRĀZĪ
ABU’L-WAFĀʾ ŠĪRĀZĪ, SAYYED KAMĀL-AL-DĪN (fl. 10th/16th century), a Sufi of Shiraz, morīd of the well-known preacher, mystic and writer, Shah…
- ABU YAʿQUB HAMADĀNI
ABŪ YAʿQŪB YŪSOF B. AYYŪB HAMADĀNĪ (440-535/1048-49 to 1140), important figure in the history of Iranian and Central Asian Sufism…
- AḴBĀRĪ, MĪRZĀ MOḤAMMAD
AḴBĀRĪ, MĪRZĀ MOḤAMMAD (1178-1233/1765-1818), a leading exponent of the Aḵbārī school of feqh and a violent polemicist against its opponents….
- ĀḴŪND
ĀḴŪND (or ĀḴOND), a word of uncertain etymology with the general meaning of religious scholar. Various Persian origins have been…
- ĀḴŪNDZĀDA
ĀḴŪNDZĀDA (in Soviet usage, AKHUNDOV), MĪRZĀ FATḤ-ʿALĪ (1812-78), Azarbaijani playwright and propagator of alphabet reform; also, one of the earliest…
- ĀL-E ʿABĀ
ĀL-E ʿABĀ, “The Family of the Cloak,” i.e., the Prophet Moḥammad, his daughter Fāṭema, his cousin and son-in-law ʿAlī, and…
- AḴYĀR
AḴYĀR (pl. of Arabic ḵayyer), “the chosen” (Persian, bargozīdagān), a category sometimes encountered in accounts given by Sufi writers of…
- ʿALĪ KANĪ
ʿALĪ KANĪ, MOLLĀ (1220-1306/1805-88), an influential and wealthy moǰtahed of Tehran who played a decisive role in obtaining the cancellation…
- ʿAMĀMA
ʿAMĀMA (or ʿAMMĀMA, Arabic ʿEMĀMA), the turban. Imbued with symbolic significance, the turban was once the almost universal headgear of…
- AMĪNĪ, SHAIKH ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN
AMĪNĪ, SHAIKH ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN, also known as ʿAllāma-ye Amīnī (1320-90/1902-70), Shiʿite scholar and author of the encyclopedic al-Ḡadīr fi’l-ketāb wa’l-sonna wa’l-adab….
- AMĪR KABĪR, MĪRZĀ TAQĪ KHAN
AMĪR(-E) KABĪR, MĪRZĀ TAQĪ KHAN (1222-68/1807-52), also known by the titles of Atābak and Amīr-e Neẓām; chief minister to Nāṣer-al-dīn…
- ʿALĪ AL-AʿLĀ
ʿALĪ AL-AʿLĀ (d. 822/1419), also known as Amīr Sayyed ʿAlī, principal successor of Fażlallāh Astarābādī, founder of the Ḥorūfī sect….
- ANGAJĪ, ḤĀJJ MĪRZĀ ABŪ’L-ḤASAN
ANGAJĪ, ḤĀJJ MĪRZĀ ABŪ’L-ḤASAN (1282-1357/1865-1939), a leading moǰtahed of Tabrīz, politically active during both the Constitutional Revolution and the reign…
- ANĪS AL-ṬĀLEBĪN WA ʿODDAT AL-SĀLEKĪN
ANĪS AL-ṬĀLEBĪN WA ʿODDAT AL-SĀLEKĪN, one of the most important sources extant for the life and dicta of Bahāʾ-al-dīn Naqšband,…
- ANJOMAN (Organization)
ANJOMAN (gathering, association, society), general designation of many private and public associations: i. Political (anǰoman-e sīāsī). ii. Religious (anǰoman-e maḏhabī)….
- ANJOMAN-E SAʿĀDAT
ANJOMAN-E SAʿĀDAT (The Association of Felicity), an organization of Iranians resident in Istanbul, devoted to furthering the cause of the…
- ANJOMAN-E TABLĪḠĀT-E ESLAMĪ
ANJOMAN-E TABLĪḠĀT-E ESLAMĪ (The Society of Islamic Propagation), an Islamic cultural and educational society established in 1941 by ʿAṭāʾallāh Šehābpūr….
- ANQARAVĪ, ROSŪḴ-AL-DĪN
ANQARAVĪ, ROSŪḴ-AL-DĪN ESMĀʿĪL B. AḤMAD, (also known as Rosūḵī Dede) (d. 1041/1631), a shaikh in the Mawlawī order and author…
- ĀQĀ BOZORG ṬEHRĀNĪ
ĀQĀ (or ĀḠĀ) BOZORG ṬEHRĀNĪ, SHAIKH MOḤAMMAD-MOḤSEN (1293-1389/1876-1970), Shiʿite scholar and bibliographer. He was born on 11 Rabīʿa I 1293/6…
- ASRĀR AL-TAWḤĪD
ASRĀR AL-TAWḤĪD FĪ MAQĀMĀT AL-ŠAYḴ ABĪ SAʿĪD, principal source for the life and teachings of the well-known mystic of Khorasan,…
- ASTARĀBĀDĪ, FAŻLALLĀH
ASTARĀBĀDĪ, FAŻLALLĀH ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN B. BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN (or B. ABŪ MOḤAMMAD) (d. 796/1394), founder of the Ḥorūfī religion that achieved some prominence…
- ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, ḤASAN
ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, ḤĀJJ MĪRZĀ ḤASAN (or MOḤAMMAD ḤASAN) B. MĪRZĀ JAʿFAR (d. 1319/1901), late nineteenth-century moǰtahed who played an important role…
- ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, MAHDĪ
ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, ḤĀJJ MĪRZĀ MAHDĪ, known as Mīrzā Kūček (1306-1372/1888-89 to 1952-53), a scholar who excelled in both the traditional (manqūl)…
- ʿATABĀT
ʿATABĀT “thresholds,” more fully, ʿatabāt-e ʿalīyāt or ʿatabāt-e (or aʿtāb-e) moqaddasa “the lofty or sacred thresholds,” the Shiʿite shrine cities…
- AWLĪĀʾ
AWLĪĀʾ (more fully, awlīāʾ allāh, the “friends of God”), a term commonly translated in European languages as “saints” or the…
- ĀYATALLĀH
ĀYATALLĀH (Sign of God), an honorific title awarded by popular usage to mojtaheds, particularly the foremost among them, presumably with…
- BĀB (title)
BĀB, a title given to certain Sufi shaikhs of Central Asia. It appears to be a localized variant of bābā…
- BĀBĀ SANKŪ
BĀBĀ SANKŪ (or SANGŪ), ecstatic Central Asian dervish of disorderly habits, contemporary with Tīmūr and one of several Sufis with…
- BĀBĀ SAMMĀSĪ
BĀBĀ SAMMĀSĪ, ḴᵛĀJA MOḤAMMAD, Central Asian Sufi of the line known as selsela-ye ḵᵛājagān (line of the masters) which was…
- BADAḴŠĪ, MOLLĀ SHAH
BADAḴŠĪ, MOLLĀ SHAH (also known as Shah Moḥammad), a mystic and writer of the Qāderī order, given both to the…
- BADĪLĪ, AḤMAD
BADĪLĪ, SHAIKH AḤMAD, a Sufi shaikh in 6th/12th-century Sabzavār, renowned for his mastery of the exoteric as well as the…
- BĀFQĪ, MOḤAMMAD-TAQĪ
BĀFQĪ, AYATOLLAH MOḤAMMAD-TAQĪ (1292-1365/1875-1946), a religious scholar known for his forthright opposition to Reżā Shah Pahlavī. Born to a merchant,…
- BAḠDĀDĪ, ABU’L-FAŻL
BAḠDĀDĪ, ABU’L-FAŻL (d. 550/1155), sixth/twelfth century Sufi whose name appears in the initiatic chain of the Neʿmatallāhī order. Together with…
- BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN NAQŠBAND
BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN NAQŠBAND, ḴᵛĀJA MOḤAMMAD B. MOḤAMMAD BOḴĀRĪ (718-91/1318-91), eponym of the Naqšbandīya, one of the most vigorous and widespread Sufi…
- BAḤR-AL-ʿOLŪM
BAḤR-AL-ʿOLŪM, SAYYED MOḤAMMAD MAHDĪ (1155/1742-1212/1797), a Shiʿite scholar who exercised great influence both in Iraq and in Iran through the…
- BARĀQ BĀBĀ
BARĀQ BĀBĀ (655-707/1257-58-1307-08), a crypto-shamanic Anatolian Turkman dervish close to two of the Mongol rulers of Iran. The name Barāq…
- BARAQĪ
BARAQĪ, ḴᵛĀJA ʿABD-ALLĀH, first of the successors appointed by Ḵᵛāja Yūsof Hamadānī (d. 555/1160, q.v.) to exercise spiritual authority after…
- BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD WALAD
BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD WALAD B. ḤOSAYN B. AḤMAD ḴAṬĪB BALḴĪ (546-628/1151-1231), father of Mawlānā Jalāl-al-Dīn Rūmī (q.v.), the great Sufi poet…
- BAḠDĀDĪ, ḴĀLED ŻĪĀʾ-AL-DĪN
BAḠDĀDĪ, MAWLĀNĀ ḴĀLED ŻĪĀʾ-AL-DĪN (1193-1242/1779-1827), the founder of a significant branch of the Naqšbandī Sufi order—named Ḵāledī after him—that has…
- DARVĪŠ ii. In the Islamic period
ii. IN THE ISLAMIC PERIOD In the Islamic period the term darvīš, or dervish, has been variously applied to claimants…
- ELĀHĪ i. Biography
i. Biography Nūr-ʿAlī Elāhī was born in the village of Jeyḥūnābād, some twelve kilometers to the west of the town…
- KOBRAWIYA
KOBRAWIYA, the most influential Sufi order of the Mongol period in Central Asia and Persia, with branches that survived elsewhere…
- KĀZARUNIYA
KĀZARUNIYA, a Sufi order (ṭariqat) so named after Abu Esḥāq Kāzaruni (d. 426/1035), alternatively designated as Esḥāqiya, especially in Turkey,…
- KĀŠEF-AL-ḠEṬĀʾ, JAʿFAR
KĀŠEF-AL-ḠEṬĀʾ, JAʿFAR B. ḴEŻR NAJAFI (b. Najaf, 1156/1743; d. Najaf, 1227/1812), Shiʿi scholar and jurist, broadly influential in both Iraq…
- KANI, ḤĀJ MOLLĀ ʿALI
KANI, ḤĀJ MOLLĀ ʿALI (b. 1220/1805; d. 1306/1888-89; Figure 1), Shiʿi scholar whose power and prominence in the affairs of…
- KALBĀSI
KALBĀSI (KARBĀSI), Ḥāj Moḥammad Ebrāhim (b. Isfahan, 1766; d. Isfahan, 1845), prominent Oṣuli jurist, influential in the affairs of Isfahan…
- JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ iii. And Sufism
JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ iii. And Sufism With a single exception, that of the Naqšbandiya, all the Sufi orders claim initiatic descent…
- JĀMI ii. And Sufism
JĀMI ii. AND SUFISM Among the several facets of Jāmi’s persona and career—Sufi, scholar, poet, associate of rulers—it may be…
- BARDA and BARDA-DĀRI vi. Regulations Governing Slavery in Islamic Jurisprudence
BARDA and BARDA-DĀRI vi. Regulations Governing Slavery in Islamic Jurisprudence Slavery is designated in feqh (i.e., religious law, although not in…
- EMĀMZĀDA i. Function and devotional practice
EMĀMZĀDA i. Function and devotional practice In Mafātīḥ al-janān (p. 562), the best known contemporary manual of Shiʿite devotions, Shaikh…
- CLEANSING ii. In Islamic Persia
CLEANSING ii. In Islamic Persia The identification of unclean objects (najāsāt) and of the factors or agents that, within certain…
- BURIAL iv. In Islam
BURIAL iv. In Islam Although replete with reminders of death and its significance, the Qurʾān is silent on the subject…
- FEVZİ MOSTĀRĪ
FEVZİ (FAWZĪ) MOSTĀRĪ (d. 1160/1747), author of the Bolbolestān, an imitation of Saʿdī’s Golestān, the only prose work written in…
- FAYŻ-E KĀŠĀNĪ, MOLLĀ MOḤSEN-MOḤAMMAD
FAYŻ-E KĀŠĀNĪ, MOLLĀ MOḤSEN-MOḤAMMAD, b. Šāh Mortażā b. Šāh Maḥmūd (b. 1006/1598 or 1007/1599; d. 1090/1679), prolific and versatile scholar…
- FATWĀ
FATWĀ (or in some early sources fotyā; pl. fatāwā or fatāwī), the authoritative ruling of a religious scholar on questions…
- EMĀM-E JOMʿA
EMĀM-E JOMʿA, leader of the congregational prayer performed at midday on Fridays. This prayer, comprising two prayer cycles (rakʿas) preceded…
- EBLĪS
EBLĪS in Persian Sufi Tradition. The word Eblīs, a Koranic designation for the devil, appears to derive ultimately from the…
- EBĀḤĪYA
EBĀḤĪYA (or EBĀḤATĪYA), a polemical term denoting either antinomianism or groups and individuals accused thereof. It occurs generally in the…
- ḎU’L-RĪĀSATAYN
ḎU’L-RĪĀSATAYN, ḤĀJJ MĪRZĀ ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN MŪNES-ʿALĪŠĀH (b. Shiraz, 1290/1873, d. Tehran, 25 Ḵordād 1332 Š./15 June 1953), for thirty years leader…
- ḎU’L-LESĀNAYN
ḎU’L-LESĀNAYN “possessor of two tongues,” epithet often bestowed upon bilingual poets. It appears to have originated in Arabic as an…
- DOʿĀ
DOʿĀ, the act of offering supplicatory or petitionary prayer, a principal manifestation of Muslim piety. Doʿā, with the literal meaning…
- DARBANDĪ, MULLA ĀQĀ
DARBANDĪ, MULLA ĀQĀ b. ʿĀbed b. Ramażān, commonly known as Fāżel Darbandī (d. Tehran, 1286/1869-70), Shiʿite scholar and preacher of…
- DĀR AL- ḤARB
DĀR AL-ḤARB “the realm of war,” lands not under Islamic rule, a juridical term for certain non-Muslim territory, though often…
- DAKANĪ, SAYYED MĪR ʿABD AL ḤAMĪD MAʿṢŪM ʿALISĀH
DAKANĪ, SAYYED MĪR ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD MAʿṢŪM-ʿALISĀH (ca. 1151-1211 or 1212/ca. 1738-97), the “renewer” (mojadded) of the Neʿmat-Allāhī Sufi order in Persia…
- DAJJĀL
DAJJĀL (the great deceiver), in Islamic tradition the maleficent figure gifted with supernatural powers whose advent and brief, though quasi-universal,…
- DAHBĪDĪYA
DAHBĪDĪYA, a hereditary line of Naqšbandī Sufis centered on the shrine at Dahbīd, a village about 11 km. from Samarqand….
- ḎAHABĪYA
ḎAHABĪYA, a Sufi order of Shiʿite allegiance, ultimately derived from the Kobrawīya order, founded in the mid-12th century by Najm-al-Dīn…
- ČELLA
ČELLA, term referring to any forty-day period. i. In Persian folklore. ii. In Sufism. i. In Persian Folklore In…
- ČARḴĪ, Mawlānā Yaʿqūb
ČARḴĪ, Mawlānā Yaʿqūb b. ʿOṯmān b. Maḥmūd (d. 851/1447), an early shaikh of the Naqšbandī order and author of several…
- CALIPHS AND THE CALIPHATE
CALIPHS AND THE CALIPHATE, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia. Shiʿite attitudes in rejection of the legitimacy of the…
- ČAHĀRDAH MAʿṢŪM
ČAHĀRDAH MAʿṢŪM, the fourteen inerrant or immaculate personages venerated by Twelver Shiʿites, i.e., the Prophet Moḥammad, his daughter Fāṭema, and…
- ČĀDOR (GARMENT)
ČĀDOR, a loose female garment covering the body, sometimes also the face (Figure 1). The etymology of the word is…
- BORŪJERDĪ, ḤOSAYN ṬABĀṬABĀʾĪ
BORŪJERDĪ, AYATOLLAH ḤĀJJ ĀQĀ ḤOSAYN ṬABĀṬABĀʾĪ (1292-1380/1875-1961), director (zaʿīm) of the religious teaching institution (ḥawza) at Qom for seventeen years…
- BORŪJERDĪ, ḤOSAYN
BORŪJERDĪ, ḤOSAYN b. Moḥammad-Reżā Ḥosaynī, Shiʿite scholar of the Qajar period, noted chiefly for his works on ʿelm al-rejāl. His…
- BORQAʿĪ
BORQAʿĪ (Ar. Borqoʿī), AYATOLLAH ʿALĪ-AKBAR, religious leader of the postwar period to whom leftist tendencies were imputed and whose name…
- BOQʿA
BOQʿA (plur. beqāʿ or boqaʿ but commonly although incorrectly boqāʿ), the mausoleum of a sacred or revered personage, sometimes taken…
- BOḴĀRĪ, ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD
BOḴĀRĪ ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad (also known as ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār), close associate and primary successor of Bahāʾ-al-Dīn Naqšband (q.v.), the…
- BOḴĀRĪ, AMĪR AḤMAD
BOḴĀRĪ, AMĪR AḤMAD (d. 922/1516), a Sufi instrumental in establishing the Naqšbandī order in Turkey. He was born in Bukhara…
- BĪNAMĀZĪ
BĪNAMĀZĪ, NPers. “the state of being without prayer,” term for the state of a menstruant woman. i.In Zoroastrianism. ii. In…
- BESṬĀMĪ, ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN
BESṬĀMĪ (Basṭāmī), SHAIKH ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN (d. 807/1405), a Sufi shaikh of Herat during the Timurid period. He began his career as…
- BESṬĀMĪ, BĀYAZĪD
BESṬĀMĪ (Basṭāmī), ABŪ MOḤAMMAD BĀYAZĪD b. ʿEnāyat-Allāh, a 10th/16th-century faqīh and Sufi of Khorasan. Born in Besṭām, he spent most…
- BESṬĀMĪ, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN
BESṬĀMĪ (Basṭāmī), ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN b. Moḥammad b. ʿAlī, al-Ḥanafī, al-Ḥorūfī (d. 858/1454), Ottoman polymath of Khorasanian ancestry. Some recent sources attribute…
- BESMELLĀH
BESMELLĀH, Islamic formula meaning “in the name of God,” more fully Besmellāh al-raḥmān al-raḥīm “in the name of God, the…
- BEKTĀŠĪYA
BEKTĀŠĪYA, a syncretic and heterodox Sufi order, found principally in Anatolia and the Balkans, with offshoots in other regions, named…
- BEKTĀŠ, ḤĀJĪ
BEKTĀŠ, ḤĀJĪ (d. 669/1270-71?), Khorasanian Sufi and eponym of the Bektāšī order (see bektāšǰya), once widespread in Anatolia and the…
- BEHEŠT-E ZAHRĀʾ
BEHEŠT-E ZAHRĀʾ, the chief cemetery of Tehran and principal shrine of the Islamic Revolution of 1357 Š./1978-79. Its name, “the…
- BEHBAHĀNĪ, MOḤAMMAD-BĀQER
BEHBAHĀNĪ, ĀQĀ SAYYED MOḤAMMAD-BĀQER, Shiʿite mojtahed and champion of the Oṣūlī school in Shiʿite law (feqh). Often designated as Waḥīd-e…
- BEHBAHĀNĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ
BEHBAHĀNĪ, ĀQĀ MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ B. MOḤAMMAD-BĀQER (1144-1216/1731-1801), Shiʿite mojtahed celebrated primarily for his ferocious hatred of Sufis. He was a son…
- BEHBAHĀNĪ, MOḤAMMAD
BEHBAHĀNĪ, AYATOLLAH MOḤAMMAD (1291-1383/1874-1963), a leading mojtahed of Tehran who played a role of some importance in the events of…
- BEGGING
BEGGING, Pers. gadāʾī, takaddī (Ar. also kodya, takdīa), soʾāl. i. In the early centuries of the Islamic period. ii. In…
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